Tutorial/HW Week #10

WWWR Chapter 28
Tutorial #10
WWWR # 28.3,
28.13, 28.21 & 28.25
To be discussed
during the week of
Mar 28 Apr 1, 2011.
By either volunteer or
class list.
Homework #10
(self practice)
WWWR # 28.14
Convective Mass Transfer
2 types of mass transfer between moving
fluids:
With a boundary surface
Between 2 moving contacting phases
Analogy with heat transfer

Boundary Surfaces
Convective mass transfer coefficient


Hydrodynamic boundary layer
Laminar flow molecular transfer
Turbulent flow eddy diffusion
( )
A As c A
c c k N =
Example 1
Dimensional Analysis
Defining dimensionless ratios
Schmidt number



Lewis number
AB AB
D D
u
= = Sc
mass
momentum
AB P
D c
k

= Le
mass
thermal
Sherwood number
from


to


ratio of molecular mass-transfer resistance to
convective mass-transfer resistance
0 =
=
y
A
AB A
dy
dc
D N
( )
( ) L c c
dy c c d
D
L k
A s A
y As A
AB
c
/
/
Sh
, ,
0

=
Example 2
Transfer to stream flowing under forced
convection
Using Buckingham-t theory, 3 t groups:
(i)
c
c b a
AB
k D D t =
1
( )
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
L
L
L
M
t
L
c
b
a
3
2
1
AB
c
D
L k
=
1
t
(ii)



(iii)



The correlation relation is in the form:
Sh = Nu
AB
= f (Re, Sc)
v D D
f e d
AB
t =
2
AB
D
Dv
=
2
t
t
i h g
AB
D D =
3
AB
D

t =
3
Transfer to natural convection phase
3 t groups:
(i)



(ii)

c
c b a
AB
k L D t =
1
AB
c
D
L k
=
1
t
t
f e d
AB
L D =
2

t
AB
D
=
2
(iii)



defining an analogous Gr
AB




The correlation relation is in the form:
Sh = f (Gr
AB
, Sc)
A
i h g
AB
g L D t A =
3
AB
A
D
g L

t
A
=
3
3
AB
A A
AB
A AB
v
g L g L
D
g L D
Gr
2
3
2
3 3
3 2
=
A
=
A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

t t
Exact Analysis
Blasius solution for hydrodynamic
boundary layer for laminar flow parallel to
flat surface
Analogous situation in mass transfer
if no reaction, constant D
AB
, steady state,
incompressible
2
2
y
c
D
y
c
v
x
c
v
A
AB
A
y
A
x
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c




Boundary conditions:
at y = 0


at y =
0
, ,
,
=

s A A
s A A
c c
c c
1
, ,
,
=

s A A
s A A
c c
c c
Defining

then


Solving in a similar manner to momentum, we
define
s A A
s A A
c c
c c
C
, ,
,

2
2
y
C
D
y
C
v
x
C
v
AB y x
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
s A A
s A A
c c
c c
f
, ,
,
2 '

x
x
y xv
x
y
Re
2 2
= =

v
q
The Blasius solution is



The concentration gradient at the surface is



The flux from the surface is then
( ) ( ) | |
( ) | |
328 . 1
Re 2 /
/ 2
) 0 ( ' '
'
0
, , ,
=

= =
=

y
x
s A A s A A
x y d
c c c c d
f
d
df
q
( )
(

=
=
5 . 0
, , 0
Re
332 . 0
x s A A y
A
x
c c
dy
dc
( )
=

(

=
c
c
=
, ,
5 . 0
0 ,
Re 332 . 0
A s A
x
AB y
A
AB y A
c c
x
D
y
c
D N
From N
A,y
= k
c
(c
A,s
c
A,
)
we get


thus


| |
5 . 0
Re 332 . 0
x
AB
c
x
D
k =
5 . 0
Re 332 . 0 Sh
x x
AB
c
D
x k
= =
Blasius solution for low mass-transfer into
laminar boundary layer, and Sc = 1.
Pohlhausens solution when Sc = 1.
Boundary layer relation:
At y = 0,

yielding

Integrating over the whole plate, the total
mass transfer rate
( )
(

=
c
c
=
3 / 1 5 . 0
, , 0
Sc Re
332 . 0
x s A A y
A
x
c c
y
c
3 / 1 5 . 0
Sc Re 332 . 0 Sh
x x
AB
c
D
x k
= =
( ) ( )
}

= =
A
A s A c A s A c A
dA c c k c c A k W
, , , ,
( ) ( )
}

= =
A
x AB
A s A A s A c
x
dA D
c c c c WL k
3 / 1 5 . 0
, , , ,
Sc Re 332 . 0
so






and
dx
x
WD WL k
L
x
AB c
}
=
0
5 . 0
3 / 1
Re
Sc 332 . 0
}

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
AB c
dx x
v
D L k
0
5 . 0
5 . 0
3 / 1
Sc 332 . 0

5 . 0
5 . 0
3 / 1
Sc 664 . 0 L
v
D
AB
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

L x x
L L
AB
c
D
L k
=
= = = Sh 2 Sc Re 664 . 0 Sh
3 / 1 5 . 0
Example 3
Approximate Analysis
2 4 3 1
A A A A
W W W W = + +
For non-laminar flows, or over other
geometries, we approximate the solutions
using von Karmans theory




Steady-state molar mass balance:
which is

rearranged to


having boundary conditions
At y = 0 v
x
= 0 c
A
c
A,s
= 0
At y = o v
x
= v

c
A
c
A,s
= c
A,
- c
A,s
At y = o

At y = 0
( )
} } }
c
A +
c

c
= A + A
(

c
c
+
c c c
x x x A A s A c x A x x A
dy v c x c c k x dy v
x
c dy v c
0
, ,
0
,
0
( ) ( )

=
c
c
}
, ,
0
, A s A c x A A
c c k dy v c c
x
c
0 =
c
c
y
v
x
( ) 0
,
=
c
c
s A A
c c
y
0
2
2
=
c
c
y
v
x
( ) 0
,
2
2
=
c
c
s A A
c c
y
If it is laminar flow parallel to flat surface,
we assume solution is in the form

Thus

and velocity profile

And the integral solution is
3 2
,
dy cy by a c c
s A A
+ + + =
3
, ,
,
2
1
2
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
=

c c s A A
s A A
y y
c c
c c
3
2
1
2
3
|
.
|

\
|
c

|
.
|

\
|
c
=

y y
v
v
x
3 / 1 5 . 0
Sc Re 36 . 0 Sh
x x
=
For turbulent flow over flat plate,
velocity profile is

and concentration profile is

with the approximate solution:
7 / 1
y v
x
| o + =
7 / 1
,
y c c
A A
q+ =

5 / 4
Re 0292 . 0 Sh
x x
=
Mass, Heat and Momentum
Analogies
Similarities between the transport
phenomenon
5 conditions:
No reaction to generate heat/mass
No radiation
No viscous dissipation
Low mass-transfer rate
Constant physical properties
Reynolds analogy
Between momentum and energy, if Pr = 1
Between momentum and mass, if Sc = 1
From the profiles,



we get
0 0
, ,
,
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
y
x
y
A s A
s A A
v
v
y c c
c c
y
0 =

c
c
=
y
x
c
y
v
v
k

Combined with coefficient of skin friction

to get


which is analogous to
( )
2
0
2
0
/ 2
2 /

=

c c
= =
v
y v
v
C
y x
f

t
2
f
c
C
v
k
=

2
f
p
C
c v
h
=

For turbulent flow, we use Prandtls mixing

length hypothesis
from velocity fluctuation and shear stress


we find
dy
v d
L v
x
x
=
'
' '
y x
x
v v
dy
v d
t =
| |
dy
v d

x
M
+ = v t
from concentration fluctuation and
instantaneous transfer


we get


with the analogous heat transfer equation
dy
c d
L c
A
A
=
' ' '
, y A y A
v c N =
( )
dy
c d
D N
A
D AB y A
c + =
,
( )
dy
T d
c
A
q
H p
y
c o + =
Prandtl and von Karman analogies
Effect of turbulent core and laminar sublayer
In the sublayer, for momentum


and mass

we get

v
t

s
x
v =
( )

AB
s y A
A
s A
D
N
c c
, ,
,
=
( )

t
v
A
s A
s y A
AB
x
c c
N
D
v
=
,
, ,
In the core, using Reynolds analogy,


Combining both turbulent and laminar
equations


and simplify to
( )
( )
( )

= =
, , , A
A
x
s
A
A
c y A
c c
v v
c c k N
,

t
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

1
,
, ,
AB
x
s y A
A s A
D
v v
N
c c
v
t

( )( ) 1 Sc / 1
2 /
+
=

v v
C
v
k
x
f
c

At the laminar sublayer,

substitute to get the Prandtl analogy



Multiply by v

L/D
AB
and rearrange, we get
2
5
f
x
C
v
v
=

( ) 1 Sc 2 / 5 1
2 /
+
=

f
f
c
C
C
v
k
( )
( ) 1 Sc 2 / 5 1
Sc Re 2 /
Sh
+
=
f
f
C
C
With a buffer layer between the laminar
sublayer and turbulent core, we use the von
Karman analogy
for heat transfer



for mass transfer


( )
( ) | | { } 6 / Pr 5 1 ln 1 Pr 2 / 5 1
Pr Re 2 /
Nu
+ + +
=
f
f
C
C
( )
( ) | | { } 6 / Sc 5 1 ln 1 Sc 2 / 5 1
Sc Re 2 /
Sh
+ + +
=
f
f
C
C
( )
)
`

+ + +
= =

1 Sc
6
5
1 ln 1 Sc 2 / 5 1
2 /
Sc Re
Sh
f
f
c
C
C
v
k
Chilton-Colburn analogy
Modification to Reynolds analogy, for all Pr
and Sc
j factor for mass transfer


For fluids within 0.6 < Sc < 2500, we know


2
Sc
3 / 2
f
c
D
C
v
k
j =

3 / 1 5 . 0
Sc Re 332 . 0 Sh
x x
=
Divide by Re
x
Sc
1/3
,


Substitute in Blasius solution,



So the analogy is
2
Sc
Sc
Sc Re
Sh
3 / 2
3 / 2
3 / 1
f
c AB
AB
c
x
x
C
v
k D
xv D
x k
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

5 . 0 3 / 1
Re
332 . 0
Sc Re
Sh
x x
x
=
2
f
D H
C
j j = =
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Models
Film theory
Film of laminar flow fluid next to boundary
All resistance in the film
Transport by molecular diffusion
For diffusion through stagnant fluids,


For equimolar counterdiffusion,
lm B
AB
c
p
P D
k
,
c
=
c
=
AB
c
D
k
0
Penetration theory
Diffusion of a short distance
Unsteady-state molecular transport
Mass flux at interface of gas and liquid is:


Surface elements will be renewed by eddies
from the turbulent core
Instantaneous mass transfer, with solute
penetrating into eddy after exposure to surface

( )

=
, , A s A
AB
A
c c
t
D
N
t
Total solute transferred is


with average mass transfer rate


With distribution in element ages at the surface,
rate of surface renewal is constant and given a
factor s, so mass transfer is
( )
2 / 1
exp
, ,
0
2
exp
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

}
t
t D
c c dt N
AB
A s A
t
A
( )
2 / 1
exp
, ,
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

t
D
c c N
AB
A s A A
t
( )

=
, , A s A AB A
c c s D N
Boundary-layer model
Average mass transfer coefficient
3 / 1 5 . 0
Sc Re 664 . 0
L
AB
c
L
D
k =