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An underlying program offering basic hardware-management, software-scheduling and resource-monitoring may seem a remote ancestor to the user-oriented OSes of the personal computing era. But there has been a shift in the meaning of OS. Just as early automobiles lacked speedometers, radios, and air-conditioners which later became standard, more and more optional software features became standard features in every OS package, although some applications such as data base management systems and spreadsheets remain optional and separately priced. This has led to the perception of an OS as a complete user-system with an integrated graphical user interface, utilities, some applications such as text editors and file managers, and configuration tools. It may seem that this monitoring machine is a remote ancestor to the useroriented OSes of the personal computer era. But throughout history, there have been changes. What was optional at first, later became a neccessity, just like optional things like speedometers, radios and air conditioners became usual in cars. This has led to a different perception of OSes. They are thought to be integrated graphical interfaces, containing software like utilities, text editors, etc.