UNIT 3

STEAM BOILERS AND TURBINES

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Steam

Vapor of water. It does not obey laws of perfect gases, until it is perfect dry.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Formation of steam
Temp (t)

Vaporization

Melting
Latent heat of ice
Sensible heat of water

Latent heat of steam

Heat of super heat

Enthalpy (h)

Temperature Enthalpy diagram for formation of steam at constant pressure

Temperature Vs Total Heat Graph in steam formation

Water region

k E B

(Critical Point) M N G p2 L p1 F D p C

Superheated Region

S.H

L.H of vaporisation

H.S

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Applied Thermodynamics

Important terms for steam

Wet steam: moisture or water particles Dry steam: does not contain any water particles Superheated steam: dry steam is further heated at constant pressure it is said to be superheated steam Dryness fraction (quality of wet steam): Mass of actual dry steam / mass of same quantity of wet steam X= mg / (mg + mf) Enthalpy = S.H. + L.H For wet steam h = hf + x hfg For dry steam h = hf + hfg For super heated steam h = hf + hfg + Cp (tsup t)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Important terms for steam

Entropy For wet steam s = sf + x sfg For dry steam s = sf + sfg For super heated steam s = sf + sfg + Cp (tsup t)

Specific volume For wet steam v = x vg For dry steam v = vg For super heated steam vsup / Tsup = vg / T

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Steam Turbines

Pressurized steam is accelerated through a nozzle and then directed (almost) tangentially onto blades attached to a rotating wheel.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Classifications of Turbines

By details of stage design Impulse Reaction By direction of steam flow Axial flow Radial flow Tangential By no of stages Single Multi-stage

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Applied Thermodynamics

Features of Steam Turbines

Advantages

Can give very high powers Has good steam economy Is very reliable Has long life Is small in size for its power Is non reversible Has poor starting torque

Disadvantages

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Impulse Turbines

The action of the jet of steam, impinging on the blades, is said to be an impulse and the rotation of the rotor is due to the impulse force of the steam jets steam passes through stationary converging nozzles reduce its pressure (and its temperature) and increase its velocity converting its "heat energy" (enthalpy) into kinetic energy Runs by the impulse of steam.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Impulse Turbines Blades

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Impulse Turbines Blades

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Reaction Turbines

The steam enters the wheel under pressure and flows over the blades. The steam while gliding propels the blades and make them to move So the runner is rotated by the reactive forces of the steam jet.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Reaction Turbines Blades

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Applied Thermodynamics

Compounding of Impulse Turbines

High pr and high temp Boiler pr to condenser pr (1 to 125 bar) pr drop carried out only in one stage, so velocity of entering steam is extremely high To control the extreme entering velocity of steam jet compounding is used. Types: Velocity compounding Pressure compounding Velocity Pressure compounding

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Pressure compounding of Impulse Turbines

Fixed nozzle and Moving Blades

In nozzle: Pressure Decrease; Velocity Increase Moving blades: Pressure constant; Velocity decrease

Total pressure drop occurs in different fixed nozzle, not in single nozzle

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Applied Thermodynamics

Pressure Compounding

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Velocity compounding of Impulse Turbines

Fixed nozzle, Moving Blades and Guiding Blade In nozzle: Pressure Decrease; Velocity Increase Moving blades: Pressure constant; Velocity decrease Guiding blades: Pressure constant; Velocity slightly decrease Total velocity drop occurs in two or more number of moving and guiding blades.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Velocity Compounding

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Pressure Velocity compounding

Fixed nozzle, Moving Blades and Guiding Blade In nozzle: Pressure Decrease; Velocity Increase Moving blades: Pressure constant; Velocity decrease Guiding blades: Pressure constant; Velocity slightly decrease In this method large amount of pressure drop is allowed, so less number of stage is enough

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Pressure Velocity Compounding

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics

Key difference between Impulse and Reaction Turbines

In impulse turbines The entire pressure drop takes place in fixed nozzles, The pressure across the moving blades remains constant. The velocity decreases through the moving blades and remains fairly constant in the fixed blades.

In reaction turbines Specially shaped fixed and moving blades replace the nozzles The drop in pressure takes place equally across both fixed and moving blades, Falling progressively throughout the turbine. Absolute velocity decreases in the moving blades, but increases in the fixed blades.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Applied Thermodynamics

Difference Between Impulse and Reaction Turbines

1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

The steam jet impinges the turbine blades Steam may or may not be admitted over the whole circumference Steam pressure constant in moving blade Blades are symmetrical No of stages required is less

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Steam glides over the moving vanes with pressure and K.E The steam must be admitted over the whole circumference Steam pressure reducing in moving blade Blades are asymmetrical No of stages required is more

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Applied Thermodynamics

Locomotive Boiler

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Applied Thermodynamics

Babcock and Wilcox Boiler

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Applied Thermodynamics

Lamont Boiler

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26/41

Applied Thermodynamics

Benson Boiler

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Applied Thermodynamics

Boiler Mounting and Accessories

Mountings
Fittings mounted on the boiler for its proper and safe functioning.

Accessories
The devices which are used as integral part of a boiler and help in running efficiently.

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Applied Thermodynamics

Pressure Gauge

Measure the pressure of steam inside the boiler Placed in front of boiler Bourdon pressure gauge

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Applied Thermodynamics

Water Level Indicator

To indicate the level of water inside the boiler Placed in front of boiler

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Applied Thermodynamics

Lever Safety Valve

To prevent the explosions due to excessive internal pressure Two safety valve Placed on boiler It is used to maintain constant safe pressure inside the boiler

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Applied Thermodynamics

Dead Weight Safety Valve

Advantage is readily tempered. Disadvantage is heavy load which these valves carry

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Applied Thermodynamics

Spring Loaded Safety Valve

Loaded with spring instead of weights

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Applied Thermodynamics

Steam Stop Valve

It is the largest valve To control the flow of steam from the boiler to the main steam pipe To shut off the steam completely when required

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Applied Thermodynamics

Blow Off Cock

Placed at bottom of boiler To empty the boiler when required To discharge the mud, scale or sediments which are accumulated at the bottom of the boiler

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Applied Thermodynamics

Feed Check Valve

Non return valve It is located slightly below the normal water level of the boiler To regulate the supply of water

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Applied Thermodynamics

Fusible Plug

It is fitted to the crown of the furnace To put off the fire when the water level falls to an unsafe level It avoids explosion by over heating of boiler

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Applied Thermodynamics

Accessories

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Applied Thermodynamics

Super Heater

To increase the temperature of saturated steam without raising its pressure. Placed in the path of hot flue gas from the furnace.

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Applied Thermodynamics

Economizer
To heat the feed water Utilizing the exhaust flue gas Before leaving to chimney Green economizer 15 to 20 % of coal saving Prevent scale formation Scraper

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Applied Thermodynamics

Air Preheater
To recover heat from exhaust gas Placed between the economizer and chimney Air temperature is raised Increase the evaporative capacity Less soot

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Applied Thermodynamics