3 The ancient taoist taijitu Chapter 3 Inclusion and symbolizes the synthesis of the individual and the Identity

Inclusion and Identity collective.

1 Most people prefer group membership to isolation, but, once they join with others, they find they must sometimes do what is best for the group rather than what benefits them personally. Groups blur the boundary between the self and other, for members retain their personal qualitiestheir motives, emotions, and outlooksbut add to them a sense of self that is based on their group identity. Groups transform the me into the we.

Do humans, by nature, seek solitude or inclusion in groups? When do people embrace collectivism by putting the groups needs before their own? What processes transform an individuals sense of self into a collective, social identity?

3: Inclusion and Identity

Isolation to Inclusion
Need to Belong

Individualism to Collectivism
Micro: The Social Self

Personal Identity to Social Identity

Inclusion and exclusion Inclusion and Human Nature

Social Identity Theory

Meso: The Group Culture

Macro: Collectivism across Cultures

Motivation and Social Identity

Isolation to Inclusion

Need to
Belong

All human beings, have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships.
Roy Baumeister & Mark Leary (1995, p. 497).

Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe I am cast upon a horrible, desolate island; void of all hope of recovery. I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all the world, to be miserable. I am divided from mankind, a solitary; one banished from human society. I have no soul to speak to or to relieve me.

Rubin Hurricane Carter:

I had nothing, absolutely nothing. I was trapped at the bottom, the lowest point at which a human being can exist without being dead: solitary confinement. I had nothing to hold on to, no family, nobody to do anything for me.

Isolation can be rejuvenating, but:

Isolated individuals (e.g., stranded explorers) report negative effects Solitary confinement recognized as a severe punishment People seek membership in a variety of groups People build their social capital by creating online and face-to-face relationships

People affiliate in groups

Putnams bowling alone hypothesis: affiliation patterns are shifting

Type of Loneliness: social and emotional

Different groups reduce different types of loneliness

10

Psychological intimacy (emotional loneliness)

Lovers 8 Married couple Therapy group 6 Support group Regulars at a bar 4

Small family

Best friends

Space station crew

Commune Work team Sorority

Rescue team A class in college 2 Hobby club Audience Crowd 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Integrated involvement (social) 8 9 10

Inclusion and exclusion

The Inclusion/Exclusion Continuum

Rejection

Acceptance

Maximum Exclusion

Active Exclusion

Passive Exclusion

Ambivalence

Passive Inclusion

Active Inclusion

Maximum Inclusion

Group rejects Group avoids or ostracizes person person

Group ignores person

Group neither accepts nor rejects individual

Group allows member to join

Group welcomes member

Group actively recruits member

Inclusion and exclusion

Ostracism: Excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact with the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.

Researchers have studied reactions to ostracism in various ways, including The life alone paradigm The ball-toss paradigm (and cyberball) The exclusion paradigm

The Temporal Need-Threat Model of Ostracism: Williams, 2009

Reactions to Exclusion

Fight vs Flight
Withdrawal and freezing Aggressive, combative

Tend and Befriend

Attention to social cues Increased motivation Prosocial orientation

orientation

Results from Gaertner, Iuzzini, & OMara, 2008

Inclusion and Survival

The evolution of gregariousness (the herd instinct) Learys sociometer theory Neurological reactions to exclusion

The Evolution of Gregariousness

Learys sociometer theory: self-esteem warns of possible exclusion

Mark Leary: We need to think about ourselves occasionally, but none of us needs to think about ourselves as much as we do.

Self-esteem is not the evaluation of your worthit is an indicator of how well you are accepted into social groups

The Biology of Ostracism and Inclusion

dACC (dorsal cingulate cortex)

Anterior insula

Ostracism triggers pain areas of the brain

Isolation to Inclusion

Individualism to Collectivism

Personal Identity to Social Identity

Individualism
A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other

Collectivism
A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Individualism to Collectivism

Individualism to Collectivism

Individualism
A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other

Collectivism
A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Individualism to Collectivism

Collectivism
The group is primary, first. Its rights must be recognized and put above the right of the individual. The individual belongs to the group.

Individualism
The individual is primary, first. His or her rights must be recognized and put above the right of the group as a whole. If the groups goals arent compatible with the individuals goals, then the individual is free to go his or her own way.

Copyright 2004 by Donelson R. Forsyth

Individualism to Collectivism

Micro: The Social Self

Individualists

Collectivists

Micro: The Social Self

Differences individualists and collectivists sex differences generational differences Brewers optimal distinctiveness theory

America is woven of many strands. I would recognize them and let it so remain. Our fate is to become one, and yet many. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

Meso: The Group Culture

Individualism
Autonomy and uniqueness Exchange relations Equity Egocentric Reciprocity

Collectivism
Conformity and duty Communal relations Equality or need Sociocentric Ingroup oriented

The mean distributions in the Ultimatum Game from people living in 16 different indigenous societies and cultures around the world.

Macro: Collectivism across Cultures

Cultures: East vs. West

Subcultures: Some ethnic groups, such as Asian Americans and Latinos, are more collectivistic than individualistic
Regions of the U.S.: Culture of Honor in the south
Source: Cohen, Nibsett, Bowdle, & Schwartz

Isolation to Inclusion

Individualism to Collectivism

Personal Identity to Social Identity

Individualism
A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other

Collectivism
A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Individualism to Collectivism

Personal Identity to Social Identity

Social Identity Theory: Basics

Basic assumption: the selfconcept is determined by group memberships Personal identity (individual self) and Social identity (collective self) Tajfel & Turners minimal intergroup situation Key processes: categorization and identification

Social Identity Theory

Social categorization: Individuals automatically classify people, including themselves, into groups.

Categorize

I am a member of group X

Social identification: accepting as selfdescriptive (selfstereotyping) the qualities attributed to ones group (depersonalization)

I have qualities A, B, and C

People in group X have qualities A, B, and C

Collective Self-esteem
Self-esteem depends on an individuals personal qualities and the value of the groups to which they belong

Motivation and Social Identity

Ingroup-outgroup bias: Rating ones own group more positively than other groups.
Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG): stressing association with successful groups. Social creativity: Restricting comparisons between the ingroup and other groups to stress the ingroups relative strengths Stereotype threat: Anxiety-provoking (and self-confirming) belief that others are biased against ones group Social mobility: Leaving the group

Social Identity Theory

Inclusion Personal Identity Achievements Need for selfesteem Group achievements Social Identity Group favoritism Outgroup rejection Increased self-esteem

Not clear if outgroup rejection raises self-esteem

Review
Isolation to Inclusion
Need to Belong

Who are you? A complex, hard-to-answer, question.

Individualism to Collectivism
Micro: The Social Self

Personal Identity to Social Identity

Inclusion and exclusion Inclusion and Human Nature

Social Identity Theory

Meso: The Group Culture

Macro: Collectivism across Cultures

Motivation and Social Identity