Dedicated for mobile data services facsimile (fax), e-

mail, and short messaging Circuit switching is inefficient for mobile data services Data-only mobile services:
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Advanced

Radio Data Information Systems

(ARDIS) RAM Mobile Data (RMD)

CDPD Data service for 1st and 2nd generation US cellular systems Uses a 30KHz AMPS channel CDPD provides mobile packet data connectivity Capitalizes on the unused air time Directly overlays with existing cellular infrastructure Uses existing BS equipment simple and inexpensive to install Does not use the MSC, has its own traffic routing capabilities

 Occupies voice channels purely on a secondary, non

interfering basis Packet channels are dynamically assigned to different cellular voice channels as they become vacant Thus CDPD radio channel varies with time Duplex in nature Forward channel transmits data from the PSTN of the network (beacon) Reverse channel links all mobile users to the CDPD network (access channel) Collisions may result

 Each simplex link occupies a 30KHz RF channel Data is sent at 19200bps Supports

broadcast, dispatch, email and field monitoring applications GMSK BT=0.5 modulation is used Fixed length blocks are used Reed-Solomon (63,47) block code with 6-bit symbols is used For each packet, 282 user bits are coded into 378 bit blocks provides correction for up to 8 symbols

Protocols in CDPD Mobile Data Link Protocol (MDLP) used to convey information between data link layer entities (layer 2 devices) across the CDPD air interface Provides logical data link connections Provides sequence control to maintain the sequential order of frames across a data link connection, error detection and flow control Radio Resource Management Protocol (RRMP) higher, layer 3 protocol to manage the radio channel resources

 Enables an M-ES to find and utilize a duplex radio

channel without interfering with standard voice services Handles BS identification and configuration messages for all M-ES Provides information that the M-ES can use to determine usable CDPD channels without any knowledge of the channel usage history Handles channel hopping commands, cell handoffs, and M-ES change of power commands Uses X.25 WAN

Link layer characteristics for CDPD

The CDPD network

 M-ES are able to connect through the MDBS to the

internet via MD-IS MD-IS act as servers and routers for the subscribers Through the I-interface, CDPD can carry either IP or OSI connectionless protocol (CLNP) traffic

Advanced Radio Data Information Systems (ARDIS) Private network service provided by Motorola and IBM Based on MDC 4800 and Radio Data Link Access Procedure (RD-LAP) protocols Provides 800MHz two-way mobile data communications for short-length radio messages
in urban and in-building environments
for users traveling at low speeds

Short ARDIS messages have low retry rates, but high

packet overhead Long messages spread the overhead over the length of the packet but have a higher retry rate

Channel characteristics for ARDIS

 Deployed to provide excellent in-building penetration Large-scale spatial antenna diversity is used ARDIS BS can detect simultaneous transmissions, as

long as the users are sufficiently separated in space

 RAM Mobile Data (RMD) RMD is a public, two-way data service based upon

Mobitex protocol Provides street level coverage for short and long messages for users moving in an urban environment Has capability for voice and data transmission, but primarily designed for data and facsimile Fax messages are transmitted as normal text to a gateway processor This converts the radio message to an appropriate format by merging it with a background page

 A packet-switched wireless transmission consists of a

normal length message instead of a much larger fax image, even though the end-user receives what appears to be a standard fax

Channel characteristics for RMD

Common Channel Signaling (CCS) CCS a digital communications technique that provides simultaneous transmission of user data, signaling data, and other related traffic throughout a network Uses out-of-band signaling logically separates the network data from user information on the same channel Used to pass user data and control signals between subscriber and the BS, between the BS and the MSC, and between MSCs Implemented in a TDM format for serial data transmissions

 In-band signaling signaling traffic between the MSC

and the subscriber was carried in the same band as the end-users audio The network control data passed between MSCs in the PSTN has to be carried within the same channel as the subscribers voice traffic throughout the PSTN This reduced the capacity of the PSTN PSTN was forced to sequentially handle signaling and user data for each call

 CCS allows faster communications between two

nodes within the PSTN CCS supports signaling data rates from 56kbps to many mbps Network signaling data is carried out in a seemingly parallel, out-of-band, signaling channel Only user data is carried on the PSTN Provides substantial increase in the number of users served by trunked PSTN lines Requires a dedicated portion of the trunk time to provide a signaling channel used for network traffic

 Since network signaling traffic is bursty and of short

duration, the signaling channel may be operated in a connectionless fashion (packet data transfer techniques) CCS generally uses variable length packet sizes and a layered protocol structure The expense of a parallel signaling channel is minor compared to the capacity improvement offered by CCS through PSTN Often the same physical network connection carries both the user traffic and the network signaling data

The Distributed Central Switching Office for CCS In 2nd and 3rd generation networks, CCS forms the foundation of network control and management functions Out-of-band signaling networks connect MSCs throughout the world This enables the entire wireless network to update and keep track of specific mobile users

CCS Network Architecture

 CCS

network architecture is composed of geographically distributed central switching offices, each with embedded SEPs, STPs, a SMS, and a database service management system (DBAS) The MSC provides subscriber access to the PSTN via the SEP The SEP implements a stored-program-control switching system known as service control point (SCP) This uses CCS to set up calls and to access a network database The SCP instructs the SEP to create billing records based on the call information recorded by the SCP

 The STP controls the switching of messages between

nodes in the CCS network For higher reliability of transmission, SEPs are required to be connected to the SS7 via at least two STPs The combination of two STPs in parallel is known as a mated pair, and provides connectivity to the network in the even one STP fails The SMS contains all subscriber records, and also houses toll-free databases The DBAS is the administrative database that maintains service records and investigates fraud throughout the network

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) ISDN is a complete network framework designed around the concept of CCS It defines the dedicated signaling network that has been created to complement the PSTN for more flexible and efficient network access and signaling A parallel world-wide network for signaling traffic that can be used to either route voice traffic on the PSTN or to provide new data services between network nodes and end-users

Signaling components Access signaling defines how end-users obtain access to the PSTN and the ISDN for communications or services Governed by a suite of protocols known as Digital Subscriber Signaling System Number 1 (DSS 1) Network signaling governed by the SS7 suite of protocols The SS7 protocols within ISDN are critical to providing backbone network connectivity between MSCs throughout the world

ISDN interface ISDN provides a complete digital interface between end-users over twisted pair telephone lines Interface is divided into three different types of channels Bearer channels (B-channels): information bearing channels and are used exclusively for end-user traffic (voice, data and video) Data channels (D-channels): Out-of-band signaling channels and are used to send signaling and control information across the interface to end-users ISDN provides integrated end-user access to both circuit-switched and packet-switched networks with digital end-to-end connectivity

Block Diagram of an ISDN

 ISDN end-users may select between two different

interfaces: The basic rate interface (BRI) intended to serve small capacity terminals The primary rate interface (PRI) intended for large capacity terminals The B channels support 64kbps data for both the PRI and BRI. The D channel supports 64kbps for the PRI and 16kbps for the BRI The BRI provides two 64kbps B channels and one 16kbps signaling channel (2B+D)

 The PRI provides 23 64 kbps B channels and 1 64kbps

signaling channel (23B+D) (North America & Japan) In Europe, the PRI provides 30B+D The PRI service is designed to be carried by DS-1 or CEPT level 1 links To differentiate between wireless and fixed subscribers, the mobile BRI defines signaling data as control channels Several ISDN circuits may be concatenated into high speed information channels (H channels) These are used by the ISDN backbone to provide efficient data transport of many users on a single physical connection

 They may also be used by PRI end-users to allocate

higher transmission rates on demand ISDN defines H0 channels (384kbps), H11 (1536kbps), and H12 channels (1920kbps)

Broadband ISDN and ATM Broadband ISDN a networking technique that increases the end-user transmission bandwidth to several Mbps This is based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology which allows packet switching rates up to 2.4Gbps and total switching capacities as high as 100Gbps ATM a packet switching and multiplexing technique Specifically designed to handle both voice users and packet data users in a single physical channel

 Data rates may vary from low traffic rates (64kbps)

over twisted pair to over 100Mbps over fiber optic cables for high traffic rates between network nodes Supports bidirectional transfer of data packets of fixed length between two end points, while preserving the order of transmission ATM data units are called as cells are routed based on header information in each unit (called a label) that identifies the cell as belonging to a specific ATM virtual connection The label is determined upon virtual connection of a user, and remains the same throughout the transmission for a particular connection

 The ATM header also includes data for

Congestion control Priority information for queuing of packets A priority which indicates which ATM packets can

be dropped in case of congestion in the network ATM cells have a fixed length of 53 bytes 5bytes of header information and 48bytes of data Fixed length packets result in simple implementation of fast packet switches, since packets arrive synchronously at the switch

 Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)