Chapter 4.

APPLY INHERITANCE AND POLYMORPHISM

What is Inheritance?

Inheritance is the property in which a derived class acquires the attributes of its base class. Recall that classes contain

Fields Properties Event Methods

What is Inheritance?

Inheritance implies at least two classes

Class play role of parent (superclass) Class play role of child (subclass)

To implement inheritance, use the Inherits keyword.

Basic Inheritance Statement

Simplest inheritance relationship

Public Class Parent End Class Public Class Child Inherits Parent End Class From listing you can see Inherits Parent is all that we must add to indicate inheritance of child from parent.

Inheritance

When user create class, new class can be based on another class. User can create new class inherit from one of existing .NET classes or from one of user own classes. Example:
Partial Public Class Form1 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form The Inherits statement must follow the class header prior to any comments. Public class NewClass Inherits BaseClass

Calling the Base Class Constructor

Constructor in Inheritance

Subclass cannot inherit constructor from base class. Each class must have its own constructor. With this statemen MyBase.NEW() Example: Sub New(ByVal title As String, ByVal price By Decimal)
assign property values call the base class constructor MyBase.NEW(title, price) End Sub

Calling base class constructor

Important Of Inheritance

Provides re-usability of code. Help in reducing the code size and better project management. Use Inherits keyword to inherit a class into other class. Old class called Base class and new class called Derived class Use mybase keyword to reference the mambers of base class.

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is one of the crucial features of OOP. An object can be treated as if it were a different kind of object provided common sense prevails. It is also called as Overloading which means the use of same thing for different purposes. Using Polymorphism we can create as many functions we want with one function name but with different argument list.

Example:
Sub Main() Dim two As New One() WriteLine(two.add(10)) 'calls the function with one argument WriteLine(two.add(10, 20)) 'calls the function with two arguments WriteLine(two.add(10, 20, 30)) 'calls the function with three arguments Read() End Sub

Implement Polymorphism

Class Parent Public Overridable Sub p1() Console.Write("Parent.p1") End Sub Public Sub p2() MyClass.p1() 'Implementing keyword MyClass here tells all derived classes to refer to the base / abstract class wherein the keyword MyClass appears End Sub End Class

Implement Polymorphism

Implementing the keyword MyClass in the base class tells all derived classes to use the method in the base class itself and, therefore, a stack overflow error is prevented. p.p2() 'stack overflow error is prevented c = New Child() c.p1() 'stack overflow error is prevented c.p2() 'stack overflow error is prevented End Sub

Chapter 4.3

Construct String

Declare and Manipulate char type

The String Class represents character strings. The String data type comes from the System.String class The String type represents a string of Unicode Characters . The String class is a sealed class , so you cannot inherit another class from the String class.

String References as Parameters

What is Parameters?

A constructor that contains an argument list; as opposed to an empty constructor.

VB.NET String Format method replace the argument Object into a text equivalent System.String. System.Format(ByVal format As String, ByVal arg0 As Object) As String Parameters: String format : The format String

VB.NET String.Format()

VB.NET String.Length()

The Length() function in String Class returned the number of characters occurred in a String. System.String.Length() As Integer Returns:

Integer : The number of characters in the specified String "This is a Test".Length() returns 14.

For exmple:

VB.NET String.Concat()

Concat in VB.NET String Class using for concat two specified String Object System.String.Concat(ByVal str1 As String, ByVal str2 As String) As String String Concat method returns a new String Parameters:

String str1 : Parameter String String str2 : Parameter String String : A new String retrun with str1 Concat with str2

Returns:

VB.NET String.substring()

Substring in Vb.Net String Class returns a new string that is a substring of this string. The substring begins at the specified given index and extended up to the given length. Public Function Substring(ByVal startIndex As Integer, ByVal length As Integer) As String Parameters:

startIndex: The index of the start of the substring. length: The number of characters in the substring. The specified substring.

Returns:

Exceptions:

System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException : the beginIndex or length less than zero, or the begin index + length not within the specified string

Chapter 4.4

Exception Handling

Exception Handling in VB.NET

What is exception?

An error that occurs at run time. Exception handling is an in built mechanism in .NET framework to detect and handle run time errors. Logic errors. System errors.

Exception Handling?

Cause of error?

VB.NET provides three keywords try, catch and finally to do exception handling.

The general form try-catch

Try statement that may cause error Catch [VariableName As ExceptionType] statement for action when exception occurs [Finally statements that always execute before exit of Try block] End Try

Example
Public Sub MyException(ByVal a As Int32, ByVal b As Int32) Dim Result As Int32 Try 'The try block from where an exception will thrown Result = a / b textBox3.Text = Result.ToString() Catch e As System.DivideByZeroException 'The catch block where Exception will be handle 'Here I am using e.Message MessageBox.Show(e.Message) End Try End Sub