Atoms, Elements, Molecules and Compounds

Topic 1: Atoms, Elements, Molecules and Compounds
Ms. Amira Raihana Adnan Chemistry Unit, CFGS, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN).
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 1 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Law of Conservation of Mass Total mass of the materials

you have before the reaction must equal the total mass of the materials you have at the end
total mass of reactants = total mass of products
Antoine Lavoisier 1743-1794
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Reaction of Sodium with Chlorine to Make Sodium Chloride
7.7 g Na
+ 11.9 g Cl2
3
19.6 g NaCl
Daltons Atomic Theory
Law of Multiple Proportions

4 Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Daltons Atomic Theory

1. Each element is composed of tiny, indestructible
particles called atoms
2. All atoms of a given element have the same

mass and other properties that distinguish them from atoms of other elements
3. Atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios

to form molecules of compounds
4. In a chemical reaction, atoms of one element

cannot change into atoms of another element
Practice Decide if each statement is correct according to Daltons model of the atom
Copper atoms can combine with zinc atoms to

make gold atoms
Water is composed of many identical

molecules that have one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms
J.J. Thomson Measured the mass and charge of electron

using cathode ray tube
Millikans Oil Drop Experiment
Measured mass of electron

Electrons
Electrons are tiny, negatively charged

particles found in all atoms
The electron has a charge of 1.60 x 1019 C The electron has a mass of 9.1 x 1028 g
Thomsons Plum Pudding Atom

The structure of the atom contains
many negatively charged electrons These electrons are held in the atom by their attraction for a positively charged electric field within the atom The mass of the atom is due to the mass of the electrons within it
10
Predictions of the Plum Pudding Atom

The mass of the atom is due to the mass of
the electrons within it
electrons are the only particles in Plum Pudding atoms, therefore the only source of mass
The atom is mostly empty space

should not have a bunch of negatively charged particles near each other as they would repel
11
12
Rutherfords Interpretation the Nuclear Model

1. The atom contains a tiny dense center called
the nucleus
2. The nucleus has essentially the entire mass of

the atom
3. The nucleus is positively charged 4. The electrons are dispersed in the empty space
of the atom surrounding the nucleus
13
Structure of the Nucleus

Rutherford proposed that the nucleus
had a particle that had the same amount of charge as an electron but opposite sign these particles are called protons
based on measurements of the nuclear charge of the elements
protons are subatomic particles found

in the nucleus with a charge = +1.60 x
1019 C and a mass = 1.67262 x 1024 g
Because protons and electrons have

the same amount of charge, for the atom to be neutral there must be equal numbers of protons and electrons
Neutron
Neutrons are subatomic particles with a mass
= 1.67493 x 1024 g and no charge, and are found in the nucleus 1 amu
slightly heavier than a proton no charge
15
16
Elements Each element has a unique number of protons
in its nucleus The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number
the elements are arranged on the Periodic Table in order of their atomic numbers
Each element has a unique name and symbol

symbol either one or two letters
one capital letter or one capital letter and one lowercase letter
18
Isotopes
Element have the same number of protons but
different masses and numbers of neutrons
Identified by their mass numbers
19
Neon
Percent Natural Abundance 90.48%
0.27% 9.25%
Symbol
Number of Number of A, Mass Protons Neutrons Number
Ne-20 or 20 10 Ne
21Ne Ne-21 or 10 22 Ne Ne-22 or 10
10
10 10
10
11 12
20
21 22
20
Example 2.3b: How many protons, electrons, 52 Cr and neutrons are in an atom of 24 ?
Given: Find:
52 Cr 24
therefore A = 52, Z = 24 # p+, # e, # n0
Conceptual Plan:
symbol
symbol
atomic number
atomic & mass numbers
# p+ # n0
# e
Relationships: Solution:
in neutral atom, # p+ = # emass number = # p+ + # n0

Z = 24 = # p+ # e = # p+ = 24 A = Z + # n0 52 = 24 + # n0 28 = # n0
Check:
for most stable isotopes, n0 p+

21 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charged Atoms
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they

acquire a charge Charged atoms or groups of atoms are called ions When atoms gain electrons, they become negatively charged ions, called anions When atoms lose electrons, they become positively charged ions, called cations
Ions and Compounds Ions behave much differently than the

neutral atoms
e.g., the metal sodium, made of neutral Na atoms, is highly reactive and quite unstable; however, the sodium cations, Na+, found in table salt are very nonreactive and stable
Because materials such as table salt are

neutral, there must be equal amounts of charge from cations and anions in them
Atomic Structures of Ions

Nonmetals form anions For each negative charge, the ion has
one more electron than the neutral atom
F = 9 p+ and 9 e, F = 9 p+ and 10 e P = 15 p+ and 15 e, P3 = 15 p+ and 18 e
Anions are named by changing the

ending of the name to -ide
fluorine oxygen F + 1e F O + 2e O2 fluoride ion oxide ion
24
Atomic Structures of Ions

Metals form cations For each positive charge, the ion has one less
electron than the neutral atom
Na atom = 11 p+ and 11 e, Na+ ion = 11 p+ and 10 e Ca atom = 20 p+ and 20 e, Ca2+ ion = 20 p+ and 18 e
Cations are named the same as the metal

sodium calcium Na Na+ + 1e sodium ion Ca Ca2+ + 2e calcium ion
25
Practice Complete the table
Al
26
Practice Complete the table
Mg
Al3
Br
27
Most About A few of elements the of remaining the elements are classified elements are classified as are metalloids. classified as metals. as nonmetals. They have Their solidsa Their have reflective solids some surface, characteristics have a non-reflective conductof heat metals and surface, electricity and some do better of not nonmetals. conduct than other heat elements, and electricity and are well, and malleable are brittle. and ductile
28
The Modern Periodic Table

Elements with similar chemical and
physical properties are in the same column Columns are called Groups or Families
designated by a number and letter at top
Rows are called Periods Each period shows the pattern of

properties repeated in the next period
29
30
31
Practice What is the charge on each of the following ions?

potassium cation sulfide anion calcium cation bromide anion aluminum cation
K+ S2 Ca2+ Br Al3+
32
Mass Spectrometry
Masses and abundances of isotopes are measured with a
mass spectrometer Atoms or molecules are ionized, then accelerated down a tube
some molecules are broken into fragments during the ionization process these fragments can be used to help determine the structure of the molecule
Their path is bent by a magnetic field, separating them by

mass
similar to Thomsons cathode ray experiment
33
Mass Spectrometer
34
Mass Spectrum
A mass spectrum is a
graph that gives the relative mass and relative abundance of each particle Relative mass of the particle is plotted in the xaxis Relative abundance of the particle is plotted in the yaxis
Example 2.5: If copper is 69.17% Cu-63 with a mass of 62.9396 amu and the rest Cu-65 with a mass of 64.9278 amu, find coppers atomic mass Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Relationships: Cu-63 = 69.17%, 62.9396 amu Cu-65 = 100-69.17%, 64.9278 amu atomic mass, amu
isotope masses, isotope fractions
avg. atomic mass
Solution:
Check:
the average is between the two masses, closer to the major isotope
Practice Ga-69 with mass 68.9256 amu and abundance of 60.11% and Ga-71 with mass 70.9247 amu and abundance of 39.89%. Calculate the atomic mass of gallium.
37
Chemical Bonds
Chemical bonds are forces of attraction
between atoms The bonding attraction comes from attractions between protons and electrons
Tro: Chemistry: A Approach, 2/e Chemistry: AMolecular Molecular Approach, 2/e
38
Bond Types
Two general types: ionic and covalent Ionic bonds result when electrons have been
transferred between atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other
generally found when metal atoms bond to nonmetal atoms
Covalent bonds result when two atoms share

some of their electrons
generally found when nonmetal atoms bond together
39
Chemical Formula To represent the compounds
40
Types of Formula: Empirical Formula

An empirical formula gives the relative number
of atoms of each element in a compound
The empirical formula for the ionic compound fluorspar is CaCl2. This means that there is 1 Ca2+ ion for every 2 Cl ions in the compound.
41
Types of Formula: Molecular Formula

A molecular formula gives the actual number
of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound
The molecular formula is C2H2O4. This does not tell you that the carbon atoms are attached together in the center of the molecule, and that each is attached to two oxygen atoms.
42
Types of Formula: Structural Formula

A structural formula uses lines to represent
covalent bonds and shows how atoms in a molecule are connected or bonded to each other
single line = two shared electrons, a single covalent bond double line = four shared electrons, a double covalent bond triple line = six shared electrons, a triple covalent bond
43
Structural Formula of Oxalic Acid

O H O C O C O H
44
Representing Compounds: Molecular Models Models show the 3-dimensional structure

along with all the other information given in the structural formula Ball-and-stick models use balls to represent the atoms and sticks to represent the attachments between them Space-filling models use interconnected spheres to show the electron clouds of atoms connecting together
Models of Oxalic Acid
Ball and stick Space filling

Tro: Chemistry: A Approach, 2/e Chemistry: AMolecular Molecular Approach, 2/e 46 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
47
Classifying Elements & Compounds

Atomic elements = elements whose particles are
single atoms Molecular elements = elements whose particles are multi-atom molecules Molecular compounds = compounds whose particles are molecules made of only nonmetals Ionic compounds = compounds whose particles are cations and anions
48
Classify Each of the Following as Either an Atomic Element, Molecular Element, Molecular Compound, or Ionic Compound
Aluminum, Al Aluminum chloride, AlCl3 Chlorine, Cl2 Acetone, C3H6O Carbon monoxide, CO Cobalt, Co
Tro: Chemistry: A Approach, 2/e Chemistry: AMolecular Molecular Approach, 2/e 49
atomic element ionic compound molecular element molecular compound molecular compound atomic element
Ionic Compounds Compounds of metals with nonmetals are

made of ions
Have a 3-dimensional array of cations and

anions made of formula units
Many contain polyatomic ions

several atoms attached together by covalent bonds into one ion
50
Example 3.3: Write the formula of a compound made from aluminum ions and oxide ions
1. Write the symbol for the 2.
metal cation and its charge Write the symbol for the nonmetal anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions
51
Al3+ column 3A
O2 column 6A
Al+3 O2 Al2O3 Al = (2)(+3) = +6 O = (3)(2) = 6
3.
4. 5.
Practice What are the formulas for compounds made from the following ions?
Potassium ion with a nitride ion
Calcium ion with a bromide ion Aluminum ion with a sulfide ion
52
K+ with N3
K 3N
Ca2+ with Br Al3+ with S2
CaBr2 Al2S3
53
Naming Metal Cations

Metals with variable Charges metals whose ions can have more than one possible charge
54
Naming Metal Cations

Metals with invariant charge
metals whose ions can only have one possible charge
55
Naming Monatomic Nonmetal Anion

To name anion, change ending on the element
name to ide
1. 2. 3. KCl MgBr2 Al2S3 potassium chloride magnesium bromide aluminum sulfide
56
Practice Find the charge on the cation

1.
2. 3.
TiCl4
CrO3 Fe3N2
4 Cl = 4, Ti = 4+
3 O = 6, Cr = 6+ 2 N = 6, 3 Fe = 6+, Fe = 2+
57
Example: Naming binary ionic with variable charge metal
CuF2
1. Identify cation and anion
F = F because it is Group 7 Cu = Cu2+ to balance the two () charges from 2 F
2. Name the cation

Cu2+ = copper(II)
3. Name the anion

F = fluoride
4. Write the cation name first, then the anion name

copper(II) fluoride
58
Name the following compounds

1.
2. 3.
TiCl4
PbBr2 Fe2S3
titanium(IV) chloride
lead(II) bromide iron(III) sulfide
59
Practice What are the formulas for compounds made from the following ions? copper(II) ion with a nitride ion
Cu2+ with N3 Cu3N2
iron(III) ion with a bromide ion
Fe3+ with Br
FeBr3
60
Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic ions are single ions that contain

more than one atom Often identified by parentheses around ion in formula Name and charge of polyatomic ion do not change Name any ionic compound by naming cation first and then anion
61
Periodic Pattern of Polyatomic Ions
-ate groups
62
Name the Following Compounds

1.
2. 3.
NH4Cl
Ca(C2H3O2)2 Cu(NO3)2
ammonium chloride
calcium acetate copper(II) nitrate
63
Example Writing formula for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ion Iron(III) phosphate
1. 2. 3. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge Write the symbol for the anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions
64
Fe3+ PO43 Fe3+ PO43 Fe3(PO4)3
4. 5.
FePO4
Fe = (1)(3+) = +3 PO4 = (1)(3) = 3
aluminum ion with a sulfate ion Al3+ with SO42 Al2(SO4)3
chromium(II) with hydrogen carbonate Cr2+ with HCO3

Cr(HCO3)2
Hydrates are ionic compounds containing a

specific number of waters for each formula unit
CoCl26H2O = cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate
CaSO4H2O = calcium sulfate hemihydrate

MgSO47H2O = magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
NiCl26H2O = nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate
66
Example: Naming binary molecular BF3

1. Name the first element
boron
2. Name the second element with an ide

fluorine fluoride
3. Add a prefix to each name to indicate the subscript

monoboron, trifluoride
4. Write the first element with prefix, then the second element with prefix
a) drop prefix mono from first element
boron trifluoride
Tro: Chemistry: A Approach, 2/e Chemistry: AMolecular Molecular Approach, 2/e 67 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Name the Following

NO2 nitrogen dioxide
PCl5
phosphorus pentachloride
I2F7
diiodine heptafluoride
Example: Binary Molecular dinitrogen pentoxide Identify the symbols of the elements
nitrogen = N oxide = oxygen = O Write the formula using prefix number for subscript di = 2, penta = 5 N 2O5
69
Write Formulas for the Following

dinitrogen tetroxide N 2O 4
sulfur hexafluoride
SF6
diarsenic trisulfide
As2S3
Example: Naming binary acids HCl(aq)

1. Identify the anion
Cl = Cl, chloride because Group 7A
2. Name the anion with an ic suffix

Cl = chloride chloric
3. Add a hydro- prefix to the anion name

hydrochloric
4. Add the word acid to the end

hydrochloric acid
71
Example: Naming oxyacids H2SO4(aq)

SO4 = SO42 = sulfate
2. If the anion has ate suffix, change it to ic. If the anion has ite suffix, change it to -ous
SO42 = sulfate sulfuric
3. Write the name of the anion followed by the word acid

sulfuric acid (kind of an exception, to make it sound nicer!)
72
Example: Naming oxyacids H2SO3(aq)

SO3 = SO32 = sulfite
2. If the anion has ate suffix, change it to ic. If the anion has ite suffix, change it to -ous
SO32 = sulfite sulfurous
3. Write the name of the anion followed by the word acid

sulfurous acid
73
Name the Following

H 2S hydrosulfuric acid
HClO3
chloric acid
HNO2
nitrous acid
Writing Formulas for Acids When name ends in acid, formulas starts with H Write formulas as if ionic, even though it is
molecular Hydro prefix means it is binary acid, no prefix means it is an oxyacid For oxyacid, if ending is ic, polyatomic ion ends in ate; if ending is ous, polyatomic ion ends in ous
75
Example: Oxyacids sulfurous acid

1. 2. 3. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge Write the symbol for the anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Add (aq) to indicate dissolved in water Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions
76
in all acids the cation is H+ H+ no hydro means 2 SO3 polyatomic ion -ous means -ite ion
H+ SO32
H2SO3
4.
5.
H2SO3(aq) H = (2)(1+) = +2 SO3 = (1)(2) = 2

Practice What are the formulas for the following acids? chlorous acid
H+ with ClO2 HClO2
phosphoric acid
H+ with PO43
H3PO4
hydrobromic acid
H+ with Br
77
HBr

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Topic 1: Atoms, Elements, Molecules and Compounds

Law of Conservation of Mass Total mass of the materials

Antoine Lavoisier 1743-1794

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reaction of Sodium with Chlorine to Make Sodium Chloride

Daltons Atomic Theory

Law of Multiple Proportions

Daltons Atomic Theory

2. All atoms of a given element have the same

3. Atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios

4. In a chemical reaction, atoms of one element

Copper atoms can combine with zinc atoms to

Water is composed of many identical

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

J.J. Thomson Measured the mass and charge of electron

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Millikans Oil Drop Experiment

Measured mass of electron

Electrons are tiny, negatively charged

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomsons Plum Pudding Atom

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Predictions of the Plum Pudding Atom

The atom is mostly empty space

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rutherfords Interpretation the Nuclear Model

2. The nucleus has essentially the entire mass of

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Structure of the Nucleus

protons are subatomic particles found

Because protons and electrons have

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elements Each element has a unique number of protons

Each element has a unique name and symbol

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Identified by their mass numbers

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Number of Number of A, Mass Protons Neutrons Number

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

therefore A = 52, Z = 24 # p+, # e, # n0

in neutral atom, # p+ = # emass number = # p+ + # n0

for most stable isotopes, n0 p+

When atoms gain or lose electrons, they

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Ions and Compounds Ions behave much differently than the

Because materials such as table salt are

Atomic Structures of Ions

Anions are named by changing the

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e