Professional Documents
Culture Documents
POLITICAL STRUCTURES
Threats to POLITICAL unity inability to form stable govts Communism as a threat Military use of threats to justify takeover of power Role of govts : stability vs instability
ECONOMIC CHALLENGES
Unhappines caused by econ policies : lack of equity
RECAP - Theme 2:
ECON DEVT
reasons for growth 1997 AFC
Is this NATIONALISM? YES. Theme 1: -ve motivation Theme 2: +ve aspect, nation-building.
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NATN UNITY Fr the A Level Syllabus Document: Achievements vs limitations
SYLLABUS DOCUMENT (a) Different
to create national unity E.g.s: Education, Language, Religion, dominant culture, national symbols & ideologies
Approaches
Reasons:
Legacy of colonialism: artificial constructs
belong t
Multiculturalism;
independent governments attempts to reverse the divisive impacts of colonial rulers divide & rule policy :
movements
Assimilation:
.
U Nus cultural natm Thailands cultural natm Suhartos policy towards Chinese
CONCEPT CLARIFICATION
Policies towards the minorities State-directed policy of
Re :syllabus document
Integration,
assimilation
We become not a melting pot but a beautiful mosaic. Different people, different beliefs, different yearnings, different hopes, different dreams. Carter, Jimmy
ESSENTIAL QNS :
1.What were the different approaches used by indpt states for promoting national unity. 2.Why did they adopt these approaches to nation bldg. 3. What was the impact on nation building. 4. What were the differences in outcomes betwn different countries.
STATE
Defined by physical boundaries : fixed and delineated Has a functioning bureacucracy and instn of state
VS
NATION
Has there been enough time for unity to develop? THINK: History of the USA. Given that SEA are relatively young NEW nations, is it then fair to judge if they have been successful in buildg natl unity?
COLONIAL PERIOD
BURMA
COLONIAL LEGACY: 1885: Br created Union of Burma
[concept of nation state]
@ INDPC:
U Nu
Ne Win
The land of Burma is our land, Burmese writing is our writing, Burmese language is our language Love our land, Promote our writing, Respect our language. - Thahkin B Thang,
- In response to spread of Wn edu
RELIGIOUS TENSIONS
NATIONAL UNITY : SOURCES OF TENSION 1. Context variety of ethnic gps 2. State directed policies - Aung San
H.O.T.S
- U Nu : Burmanisation WEIGH - Military junta : secular but forced Play down opposing assimilation arguments using..
CAUSES
Prove that one factor is the most important. Weigh evidence & rank them in order of significance. Especially important for x-variable questions.
FUNDAMENTAL FACTOR
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
Time frame: Different time period could create different contexts. For e.g: Post-WWII versus Pre-War conditions. Social/economic/cultural/politica l conditions & circumstances unique to time period, countries, places, political leadership, etc.
LONG/SHORT TERM
Long or Short term analysis matters more? Long term causes may not necessarily be the most important. Need to use this with other analytical tools.
Some success
HILL TRIBES
agitated for separate states due to U Nus failure to honor (1960) electn promise Set the stage for ethnic reblln over the next 2 decades
INTANGIBLE
Sense of imagined community Limitations: Yardstick for measurement? Military rule after 1962
Moving on.
U Nu
Cultural Natm
Methds:
Not cultural natm of U Nu , butthe military
had downplayed ethnicity, ignoring when it could - Steinberg
Assess success
ACHIEVEMENTS
LIMITATIONS
Aung San : Panglong agreement : short term Military govt : A veneer of unity and stability
HILL TRIBES
(similar to Burma pls read up in Snitwongse & Thompson)
CHINESE
Muslim south
NATIONAL UNITY : THAILAND 1. Context not colonised. 2. State directed policies H.O.T.S Higher Order Thinking Skills - Kings as nationalists - Military as nationalists - Policies towards Chinese + WEIGH CAUSES down opposing MuslimPlay south
arguments using..
Prove that one factor is the most important. Weigh evidence & rank them in order of significance. Especially important for x-variable questions.
FUNDAMENTAL FACTOR
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
Time frame: Different time period could create different contexts. For e.g: Post-WWII versus Pre-War conditions. Social/economic/cultural/politica l conditions & circumstances unique to time period, countries, places, political leadership, etc.
LONG/SHORT TERM
Long or Short term analysis matters more? Long term causes may not necessarily be the most important. Need to use this with other analytical tools.
THAILAND_Cultural nationalism
Like Christianity, Islam is recognised and tolerated as a minority faith, and Buddhism has never been officially imposed as state religion. YET, when the triad of nation, religion and king is invoked, it is clear that the Buddhism is the religion being referred to. Sch textbooks tend to articulate morals and ethics in explicitly Buddhist terms and Muslim children can only learn about Islam in separate religious terms.. At a deeper level, the Muslim minority is also faced with the qn of whether they are really Thai A New History of SEA, p 407 Under Absolute monarchy [ up to 1932] Phibuns cultural natm 1930s + 1940s [ recap last yrs work]
Chinese assimilation: Success in post war adopted Thai names embraced Buddm.[ common religion facilitated assimilation] become Thai: spoke Thai offered loyalty and obedience to the King Sino-Thai partnerships in econ
Secessionist acts indpc (Negeri Patani Raya) OR incorporate into Msia (Pattani Darrusalam) 1948 Duson Nyor Revolt: > 1000 Muslims in Narathiwat attacked police 400 Muslims & 30 police dead
SECESSIONIST MOVTM
Indonesia
Dutch imposed administrative unity on Indonesia 13,000 islands, many sub-races of Indon stock , diff lang, customs, religion BUT DID NOT SUCCEED IN MAKING THEM A SINGLE NATION
DIVERSITY IN INDONESIA
There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia. The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese who make up 41% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago because of the transmigration program. The Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country. Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Papua, speak Papuan languages. The Chinese Indonesian population makes up a little less than 1% of the total Indonesian population according to the 2000 census.
H.O.T.S
- Suharto
3. Policies towards Chinese WEIGH CAUSES Play down opposing 4. Comparisons arguments using..
Prove that one factor is the most important. Weigh evidence & rank them in order of significance. Especially important for x-variable questions.
FUNDAMENTAL FACTOR
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
Time frame: Different time period could create different contexts. For e.g: Post-WWII versus Pre-War conditions. Social/economic/cultural/politica l conditions & circumstances unique to time period, countries, places, political leadership, etc.
LONG/SHORT TERM
Long or Short term analysis matters more? Long term causes may not necessarily be the most important. Need to use this with other analytical tools.
INDONESIA
METHOD: Secular approach with common goals
beings, who according to geopolitics ordained by God Almighty live thruout the entire peninsula of Indon from the northern tip of Indon to Irian Jaya! ...70 m who hv already become one. Our first principle INDONESIAN NATM in its fullest sense is neither Javanese natm nor Sumatran natm 5 principles:
Indonesia
SUKARNO: Negative ways to wield a nation tog Militant natl consciousness agst real & imaginary enemies. 2 confrontations:
1. to recover West New Guinea & 2. against Msia (Confrontation)
SUHARTO:
Read up for more details in Tarling use the Index for easy reference
ASSIMILATION
Ch lang papers banned [ except one], lang schs phased out, learn Bahasa Indon Ch religious expressions restricted to home
Limited success : 1998 Anti-Chinese riots with Suhartos downfall { Ch blamed for econ probm}
The Philippines
Existing commonalities @ independence
HUKBALAHAP [Cm lecture] MARXIST NPA [Cm lecture]
National approaches
Result :
Singapore
METHOD: Non-ideological formula Challenge: a united multi-racial society Dennis Bloodworth: pragmatic approach meritocracy, multi-racialism HOW ?
1ST PROPOSED IN 1998 By DPM Goh Chok Tong Aims Blueprint for the devm of a National Ideology shared by all Sculpt a Singaporean identity
Singapore
SUCCESS? No racial riots since 1964 (during merger) Races living tog in peace: co-existence ISSUES OF CONCERN : Constant reminders about need for racial harmony Have we moved from TOLERANCE to acceptance and respect ? Is there real understanding btwn races ? Persistence of racial stereotyping and generalisations. State directed policies and success made possible by strong one party leadership
person's race or religion should have no bearing in hiring decisions.[ reflect on this] A healthy majority - more than 50 per cent - either agree or agree strongly with statements such as "Ifeel comfortable being the only individual of my racial group mixing with people of other racial groups". Adistinct minority - less than 20 per cent - either disagree or disagree strongly with the statement. .[ reflect on this] . And about a third are neutral - they are not exercised one way or another.
The findings indicate we haven't arrived at some multi-cultural nirvana. [ continued next slide..] Writer :Janadas Devan 22/4/2013
We still have to juggle pragmatically; we still need laws and institutions to ensure that we do indeed end up choosing the better angels of our nature. There is no reason to believe we will always, invariably,automatically, be angelic. Writer :Janadas Devan 22/4/2013
Types of Qns
How successful were attempts to establish democracy in the newly-independent states of SEA? [A Level 2007] Assess the view that education was more important than language and religion in helping to create a national identity in newly-independent states. [A Level 2008] Assess the view that the policies of newly-independent states towards minorities have been a major cause of political instability. [A Level 2009] Unifying or divisive forces which ones had a greater impact on Southeast Asian nations efforts to achieve national unity and cohesion in the period 1950 1985? National Unity remained an elusive and difficult goal for independent SEA up to 1997. Discuss.