SIMPLE PENDULUM

REPORTED BY: SHERMILA B. PAGUIO II-22 BSE PHYSICS

OBJECTIVES
To learn and to understand more about the Simple Pendulum To determine its parts To know the history of Simple Pendulum To get some facts and trivias about Simple Pendulum

INTRODUCTION
In this presentation we will learn together one of the different kind of pendulum that exist and this is the Simple Pendulum that would be discussed to us from the beginning up to the end. This presentation also aims to help the students to learn in a manner that they would enjoy what they are learning as well.

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CONTENT
History of Pendulum What is Pendulum What are the parts of Pendulum Formulas within the Pendulum Trivia and Facts Reference

HISTORY OF PENDULUM
From its discovery around 1602 by Galileo Galilei the regular motion of pendulums was used for timekeeping, and was the world's most accurate timekeeping technology until the 1930s.

GALILEO GALILEI
Born Died
15 February 1564 Pisa, Duchy of Florence, Italy 8 January 1642 (aged 77) Arcetri,Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy

Fields Astronomy, physics and mathematics

Known fo Kinematics r Dynamics Telescopic observational astronomy Heliocentrism

GALILEO GALILEIS RESEARCH

Italian scientist Galileo Galilei was the first to study the properties of pendulums, beginning around 1602.His first existent report of his research is contained in a letter to Guido Ubaldo dal Monte, from Padua, dated November 29, 1602.

His biographer and student, Vincenzo Viviani, claimed his interest had been sparked around 1582 by the swinging motion of a chandelier in the Pisa cathedral. Galileo discovered the crucial property that makes pendulums useful as timekeepers, called isochronism; the period of the pendulum is approximately independent of the amplitude or width of the swing

He also found that the period is independent of the mass of the bob, and proportional to the square root of the length of the pendulum. He first employed free swinging pendulums in simple timing applications. A physician friend invented a device which measured a patient's pulse by the length of a pendulum; the pulsilogium.

In 1641 Galileo conceived and dictated to his son Vincenzo a design for a pendulum clock; Vincenzo began construction, but had not completed it when he died in 1649.he pendulum was the first harmonic oscillator used by man.

Pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks, and are used in scientific instruments such as accelerometers and seismometers.

 Historically

they were used as gravimeters to measure the acceleration of gravity in geophysical surveys, and even as a standard of length. The word 'pendulum' is new Latin, from the Latin pendulus, meaning 'hanging'.

THE PENDULUM CLOCK

In

1656 the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens built the first pendulum clock. This was a great improvement over existing mechanical clocks; their best accuracy was increased from around 15 minutes deviation a day to around 15 seconds a day. Pendulums spread over Europe as existing clocks were retrofitted with them.

CHRISTIAAN HUYGEN
Born April 14, 1629 The Hague, Dutch Republic

Died

July 8, 1695 (aged 66) The Hague, Dutch Republic

Titan Explanation Saturn's rings Centrifugal force Collision formulae Pendulum clock HuygensFresnel principle Wave theory Birefringence Evolvent huygenian eyepiece

Known for

The English scientist studied the conical pendulum around 1666, consisting of a pendulum that is free to swing in two dimensions, with the bob rotating in a circle or ellipse. He used the motions of this device as a model to analyze the orbital motions of the planets.

Hooke suggested to Isaac Newton in 1679 that the components of orbital motion consisted of inertial motion along a tangent direction plus an attractive motion in the radial direction. This played a part in Newton's formulation of the law of universal gravitation. Robert Hooke was also responsible for suggesting as early as 1666 that the pendulum could be used to measure the force of gravity.

TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED PENDULUMS

During the 18th and 19th century, the pendulum clock's role as the most accurate timekeeper motivated much practical research into improving pendulums. It was found that a major source of error was that the pendulum rod expanded and contracted with changes in ambient temperature, changing the period of swing.

This was solved with the invention of temperature compensated pendulums, the mercury pendulum in 1721and the gridiron pendulum in 1726, reducing errors in precision pendulum clocks to a few seconds per week.

The accuracy of gravity measurements made with pendulums was limited by the difficulty of finding the location of their center of oscillation. Huygens had discovered in 1673 that a pendulum has the same period when hung from its center of oscillation as when hung from its pivot, and the distance between the two points was equal to the length of a simple gravity pendulum of the same period..

In 1818 British Captain Henry Kater invented the reversible Kater's pendulum which used this principle, making possible very accurate measurements of gravity. For the next century the reversible pendulum was the standard method of measuring absolute gravitational acceleration

1851: FOUCAULT PENDULUM

In 1851, Jean Bernard Lon Foucault showed that the plane of oscillation of a pendulum, like a gyroscope, tends to stay constant regardless of the motion of the pivot, and that this could be used to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth. He suspended a pendulum free to swing in two dimensions (later named the Foucault pendulum) from the dome of the Panthon in Paris. The length of the

JEAN BERNARD LON FOUCAULT

Jean Bernard Lon Foucault (18 September 1819 11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for the invention of theFoucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation. He also made an early measurement of the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and although he did not invent it, is credited with naming

Once the pendulum was set in motion, the plane of swing was observed to precess or rotate 360 clockwise in about 32 hours.This was the first demonstration of the Earth's rotation that didn't depend on celestial observations, and a "pendulum mania" broke out, as Foucault pendulums were displayed in many cities and attracted large crowds.

PENDULUM
Is an idealized model consisting of a point mass suspended by massless, unstretchable string. is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.

PARTS OF PENDULUM
1. 2. 3.

String Bobs or Marble Stand or Flatform

STRING
is a flexible piece of rope or twine which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects. It is up to you how long the string would be.

BOBS OR MARBLE
Is a non-foliated metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite.

PENDULUM STAND
Supports the string and the bob of the pendulum. It is where the string rest or hang.

FORMULAS
Frequency Period Pendulums Formula

FREQUENCY (F)
Is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.

PERIOD (T)
Is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency.

PENDULUMS FORMULA ()

t = I a, t = F = -mg sinq , I = m ;
2

-mg sin q = m
2

dq , 2 dt
2

dq g g 2 + q = 0 w = . 2 dt

TRIVIA AND FACT

As long as the cord can be considered massless and the amplitude is small, the period does not depend on the mass.

REFERENCES

www. Google. com www. Wikipedia.com University Physics Science in a series of new world Webster dictionary