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TRANSFORMERS AND ACCESSORIES

KARAN TRIPATHI

CONTENTS
Principles of Transformers Materials used in transformers Magnetic circuit Winding and insulation Tap Changers Accessories Drying and Impregnation Structural Design. DGA Transformer Testing Loading and life of Transformer.

Principles of Transformers
A transformer is a static piece of apparatus used for the transferring power from one circuit to the other without change in frequency. It can raise or lower the voltage with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. Primary winding Secondary winding Linkage of the two by Mutual Inductance

Voltage transformation ratio

E1 = 4.44* f *N1* m E2= 4.44* f *N2* m E2 / E 1 = N1/N2

LOW VOLTAGE WINDING DESIGN

Since voltage is less ,hence turns will also be less. Phase Current = MVA/(3*line voltage in kV) if winding is star connected. Phase Current = MVA/(3*line voltage in kV) if winding is Delta connected. This indicates current in Low voltage winding shall be high.

Directed Oil Flow Arrangement

Leakage Flux

Flux entering the tank

Flux enters the Shunt

LV Windings HELICAL WINDING

To carry high current the area of cross section of the conductors should be high. This is accomplished by adopting more no. of conductors per turn. Helical winding which is spring like, suits most for the LV windings.

HIGH VOLTAGE WINDING

Large no. of turns Less current. Disc coils are the best choice for the HV windings where a single disc can have turns as high as 25 nos.

Materials used in transformers

1. CONDUCTORS: P.I.C.C. C.T.C. Bunched P.I.C.C. Glued C.T.C.

Materials used in transformers

1. Insulators:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Paper Insulation Perma-wood Transformer oil. Solid Polymer Insulation.

Materials used in transformers

1. Core:

o The material used for core making is low reluctance magnetic steel containing silicon.This is called CRGO i.e cold rolled grain oriented steel.

o The grain orientation is technology which ensures that the flux flow through the laminations with minimum resistance,resulting in low core loss.

Materials used in transformers

1. Core:

YOKE BOLT:BOLTS USED IN YOKES TO CLAMP THE LAMINATIONS TOGETHER. TOP YOKE LEVEL(TYL)/BOTTOM YOKE LEVEL(BYL): EDGE OF THE TOP OR BOTTOM YOKE IN THE WINDOW. PIN PAD ASSEMBLY: THE ARRGMT. TO TO JOIN CLAMP PLATE WITH END FRAME IS CALLED PIN PAD ASSY.

Tap Changers
1. On Load Type (OLTC) 2. Off Load Type (OFTC) Used for variation in terminal voltage in HV side. Voltage in the system can be varied by changing turns ratio of the transformer. Tap changer can be used for adding or cutting out turns of primary or secondary winding of transformer.

Provision for manual and DM movement.

TAP SELECTION SWITCH DIVERTER SWITCH

SWITCHING CYCLE OF DIVERTER & SELECTOR SWITCH

Accessories
BUSHINGS PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE (PRV) SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY (SPR) COOLING BANK RTD BUCCHOLZ RELAY BREATHER MAGNETIC OIL GAUGE (MOG) AIRCELL OIL / WINDING TEMP INDICATORS (OTI) / (WTI) AIR CELL LEAKAGE DETECTORS (ACLD) OIL PUMPS OIL FLOW INDICATORS (OFI) OIL SURGE RELAY (OSR)

Bushings (HV)

POLLUTION LEVELS I. Light ( areas without industries,

agricultural or mountain areas )

CREEPAGE DISTANCE 16mm/kV

II. Medium ( areas with industries

not producing pollution smoke, Low density of house areas not exposed to the coast)

20 mm/kV

III. Heavy (Areas with high density of

industries, high density of Heating plants producing pollution, areas close to the sea.)

25mm/kV

IV. Very Heavy (Areas close to

the coast and exposed to sea spray, desert areas, areas exposed to strong winds carrying salt and sand etc

31mm/kV

Example: for 145 kV Bushing with heavy pollution level minimum creepage distance works to be. 145 kVX 25mm/kV = 3625mm

Major Parts of Condenser Bushing

Top Cap

1. Condenser Core 2. Porcelain. 3. Oil level Gauge 4. Top cap. 5. Test Tap. 6. Mounting Flange. 7. Oil side Stress Shield.

Tan delta test cap

Bushings (LV)

LOW CURRENT

HIGH CURRENT

Pressure Relief Valve

Sudden Pressure Relay (SPR)

Protection and detection of Devices calibrated to quickly alarm or trip during dangerous sudden pressure changes rapid pressure rise changes (see response curves below) Actuation only occurs based on rate of pressure rise and will not occur under normal pressure variations caused by temperature change and vibration Can be subjected to full vacuum or 20 PSI positive pressure without damage Standard operation from -40 to 180F ( -40 to 82C) Special units available for operation at -67F (-55C)

Drying and Impregnation

Structural Design
TRANSFORMER TANK IS AN ENCLOSURE WHICH CONTAINS INSIDE IT THE LIVE PARTS SUCH AS CORE AND WINDING ASSEMBLY, ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS AND INSULATING OIL. CONVENTIONAL TYPE TANK BELL TYPE TANK.

Bell type tank design

OIL TESTS
Moisture Content Break down value (BDV) Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) Inter facial tension (IFT) Acidity/Neut. Number. Visual Inspection. Tan delta and resistivity.

DUVAL TRIANGLE

Loading and Life of Transformer

NORMAL THERMAL IMAGE OF A TRANSFORMER

45.9C 45

40

35

31.3C

ABNORMAL THERMAL IMAGE OF A TRANSFORMER

SP01: 46.8C

SP02: 48.2C

SP03: 47.7C

Blocked radiator

LINE-01: 22.4C LINE-02: 34.3C

Influence of Paper moisture content on the ageing rate of the Paper (Fabre, CIGRE 1960)
100
At 4.5 % paper moisture and 90 C top oil temp., flash over will occur.

30

Ageing Rate

10

1 0.1

0.3 1 3 Moisture content in weight %

10

THANK YOU

HV Winding terminal

5 Limb core

Windings and OLTC

Directed oil flow in windings