How to make a cup of tea

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Put a cup of water to boil Take 3/4 piece of ginger Add the ginger to the water Then pour over some tea-leaves Wait until leaves are settled at the bottom of the pot. Pour into mug,add sugar and enjoy the tea !

So.......Algorithm?
In simple terms, is a series of instructions to solve a problem (complete a task)
Problems can be in any form
How to go from Curzon Hall to NewMarket Explain how to tie shoelaces to a five year old child Find largest number from a set of number Sort a given set of number

 Remember Computers only do things that you have told it to do !!!

Example: Selection Problem

Given a list of N numbers, determine the kth largest, where k N. Algorithm 1: (1) Read N numbers into an array (2) Sort the array in decreasing order by some simple algorithm (3) Return the element in position k

Bubble Sort

Sorting
Sorting takes an unordered collection and makes it an ordered one.
1 77 2 42 3 35 4 12 5 101 6 5

3 35

12

42

77

101

"Bubbling Up" the Largest Element

Traverse a collection of elements Move from the front to the end Bubble the largest value to the end using pair-wise comparisons and swapping
1 77 2 42 3 35 4 5 101 6 5

12

"Bubbling Up" the Largest Element

Traverse a collection of elements Move from the front to the end Bubble the largest value to the end using pair-wise comparisons and swapping
1 2 3 35 4 5 101 6 5

Swap 42 77 42 77

12

"Bubbling Up" the Largest Element

Traverse a collection of elements Move from the front to the end Bubble the largest value to the end using pair-wise comparisons and swapping
1 42 2 3 4 5 101 6 5

Swap 35 77 77 35

12

"Bubbling Up" the Largest Element

Traverse a collection of elements Move from the front to the end Bubble the largest value to the end using pair-wise comparisons and swapping
1 42 2 35 3 4 5 101 6 5

Swap 12 77 12 77

"Bubbling Up" the Largest Element

Traverse a collection of elements Move from the front to the end Bubble the largest value to the end using pair-wise comparisons and swapping
1 42 2 35 3 12 4 5 101 6 5

77

No need to swap

"Bubbling Up" the Largest Element

Traverse a collection of elements Move from the front to the end Bubble the largest value to the end using pair-wise comparisons and swapping
1 42 2 35 3 12 4 5 6

77

5 Swap101 101 5

"Bubbling Up" the Largest Element

Traverse a collection of elements Move from the front to the end Bubble the largest value to the end using pair-wise comparisons and swapping
1 42 2 35 3 12 4 5 5 6

77

101

Largest value correctly placed

Items of Interest
Notice that only the largest value is correctly placed All other values are still out of order So we need to repeat this process
1 42 2 35 3 12 4 5 5 6

77

101

Largest value correctly placed

Repeat Bubble Up How Many Times?

If we have N elements And if each time we bubble an element, we place it in its correct location Then we repeat the bubble up process N 1 times. This guarantees well correctly place all N elements.

Bubbling All the Elements

1 42 1 35 N-1 1 12 1 12 1 5 2 35 2 12 2 35 2 5 2 12 3 12 3 42 3 5 3 35 3 35 4 77 4 5 4 42 4 42 4 42 5 5 5 77 5 77 5 77 5 77 6 101 6 101 6 101 6 101 6 101

The Bubble Up Algorithm

n = totalData for i=1 to i=n-1 for j=1 to j=n-1 if number[j]>number[j+1] swap(number[j],number[j+1])

LB

No, Swap isnt built in.

Procedure Swap(a, b) t = a a = b b = t

Reducing the Number of Comparisons

1 77 1 42 1 35 2 42 2 35 2 12 3 35 3 12 3 42 4 12 4 77 4 5 5 101 5 5 5 77 6 5 6 101 6 101

1 12
1 12

2 35 2 5

3 5 3 35

4 42
4 42

5 77
5 77

6 101
6 101

Reducing the Number of Comparisons

On the Nth bubble up, we only need to do MAX-N comparisons. For example: This is the 4th bubble up MAX is 6 Thus we have 2 comparisons to do 1 12 2 35 3 5 4 42 5 77 6 101

Putting It All Together

The Bubble Up Algorithm (Extended )

n = totalData for i=1 to i=n-1 for j=1 to j=n-1-i if number[j]>number[j+1] swap(number[j],number[j+1])

Already Sorted Collections?

What if the collection was already sorted? What if only a few elements were out of place and after a couple of bubble ups, the collection was sorted? We want to be able to detect this and stop early! 1 5 2 12 3 35 4 42 5 77 6 101

Using a Boolean Flag

We can use a boolean variable to determine if any swapping occurred during the bubble up.
If no swapping occurred, then we know that the collection is already sorted! This boolean flag needs to be reset after each bubble up.

The Bubble Up Algorithm (Extended )

n = totalData finish = false for i=1 to i=n-1 if finish break finish = true for j=1 to j=n-1-i if number[j]>number[j+1] swap(number[j],number[j+1]) finish = false

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

98 23 45 14 1 2 3 4

6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

7
1

98 23 45 14 1 2 3 4

6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

7
1 Swap 98 23 45 14 1 2 3 4 6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
1 Swap 23 98 45 14 1 2 3 4 6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
2

23 98 45 14 1 2 3 4

6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
2 Swap 23 98 45 14 1 2 3 4 6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
2 Swap 23 45 98 14 1 2 3 4 6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
3

23 45 98 14 1 2 3 4

6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
3 Swap 23 45 98 14 1 2 3 4 6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
3 Swap 23 45 14 98 1 2 3 4 6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
4

23 45 14 98 1 2 3 4

6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
4 Swap 23 45 14 98 1 2 3 4 6 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
4 Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 98 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
5

23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4

98 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
5 Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 98 67 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
5 Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 67 98 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
6

23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4

67 98 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
6 Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 67 98 33 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
6 Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 67 33 98 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
7

23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4

67 33 98 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
7 Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 67 33 98 42 5 6 7 8

An Animated Example
N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
7 Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

After First Pass of Outer Loop

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

7
8 Finished first Bubble Up

23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4

67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

6
1

23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4

67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

6
1 No Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

6
2

23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4

67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

6
2 Swap 23 45 14 6 1 2 3 4 67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
2 Swap 23 14 45 6 1 2 3 4 67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
3

23 14 45 6 1 2 3 4

67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
3 Swap 23 14 45 6 1 2 3 4 67 33 42 98 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
3 Swap 23 14 6 1 2 3 45 67 33 42 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
4

23 14 6 1 2 3

45 67 33 42 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
4 No Swap 23 14 6 1 2 3 45 67 33 42 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
5

23 14 6 1 2 3

45 67 33 42 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
5 Swap 23 14 6 1 2 3 45 67 33 42 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
5 Swap 23 14 6 1 2 3 45 33 67 42 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
6

23 14 6 1 2 3

45 33 67 42 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
6 Swap 23 14 6 1 2 3 45 33 67 42 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Second Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
6 Swap 23 14 6 1 2 3 45 33 42 67 98 4 5 6 7 8

After Second Pass of Outer Loop

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

6
7 Finished second Bubble Up

23 14 6 1 2 3

45 33 42 67 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

5
1

23 14 6 1 2 3

45 33 42 67 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

5
1 Swap 23 14 6 1 2 3 45 33 42 67 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
1 Swap 14 23 6 1 2 3 45 33 42 67 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
2

14 23 6 1 2 3

45 33 42 67 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
2 Swap 14 23 6 1 2 3 45 33 42 67 98 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
2 Swap 14 6 1 2 23 45 33 42 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
3

14 6 1 2

23 45 33 42 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
3 No Swap 14 6 1 2 23 45 33 42 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
4

14 6 1 2

23 45 33 42 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
4 Swap 14 6 1 2 23 45 33 42 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
4 Swap 14 6 1 2 23 33 45 42 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
5

14 6 1 2

23 33 45 42 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
5 Swap 14 6 1 2 23 33 45 42 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Third Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
5 Swap 14 6 1 2 23 33 42 45 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

After Third Pass of Outer Loop

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

5
6 Finished third Bubble Up

14 6 1 2

23 33 42 45 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

4
1

14 6 1 2

23 33 42 45 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

4
1 Swap 14 6 1 2 23 33 42 45 67 98 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

4
1 Swap 6 1 14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

4
2

6 1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

4
2 No Swap 6 1 14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

4
3

6 1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

4
3 No Swap 6 1 14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

4
4

6 1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fourth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

4
4 No Swap 6 1 14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

After Fourth Pass of Outer Loop

N 8 did_swap true

to_do
index

4
5 Finished fourth Bubble Up

6 1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fifth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

3
1

6 1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fifth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

3
1 No Swap 6 1 14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fifth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

3
2

6 1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fifth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

3
2 No Swap 6 1 14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fifth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

3
3

6 1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Fifth Bubble Up

N 8 did_swap false

to_do
index

3
3 No Swap 6 1 14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

After Fifth Pass of Outer Loop

N 8 did_swap false Finished fifth Bubble Up

to_do
index

3
4

6 1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Finished Early
N 8 did_swap false We didnt do any swapping, so all of the other elements must be correctly placed. We can skip the last two passes of the outer loop.

to_do
index

3
4

6
1

14 23 33 42 45 67 98
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Summary
Bubble Up algorithm will move largest value to its correct location (to the right) Repeat Bubble Up until all elements are correctly placed: Maximum of N-1 times Can finish early if no swapping occurs We reduce the number of elements we compare each time one is correctly placed

LB

Truth in CS Act
NOBODY EVER USES BUBBLE SORT
NOBODY NOT EVER BECAUSE IT IS EXTREMELY INEFFICIENT