Diagrammatic Representation of Statistical Data

& Classification of Graphs

Diagrammatic Representation of Statistical Data

Diagrammatic Representation 1

Must be neat and workmanlike i.e. pleasing to look at;

able to emphasize the important feature i.e. choose a method which is possible to draw readers attention very quickly

Diagrammatic Representation 2

There are often 2 or more methods of presenting the same statistics; so choose the most informative, incisive and effective one; Do NOT put too much information on a single map;

Diagrammatic Representation 3

Must include the KEY, TITLE, SCALE or else: MEANINGLESS !!!

Useful to do overlay i.e. based on the same base map

Diagrammatic Representation 4

The appreciation of a quantity represented by a linear symbol is easier than represented by an areal symbol and it holds also to volume symbol; Graphs for comparison ? use the same scale !!!

Diagrammatic Representation 5

Basic equipment: ruler (for refine marking); pencil (HB, H/ 2H); colour pencils; compasses; dividers; protractor & set rule (circle / square)

Diagrammatic Representation 6

Draw straight line by using a ruler, i.e. no FREEHAND !!!

Using contrasting colour, esp. pie chart;

Avoid patches of tone grade;

Diagrammatic Representation 7

Sharp point of the pen should always be maintained; SHARP !!!

Either printing or block capitals ! Horizontal !!! CHECK your work !

Diagrammatic Representation 8

If you want to enlarge the scale ? the graph must be clearly indicated of the rate of exaggeration with note / explanation;
Cultivate the habit of examining statistical maps whenever they appear;

Diagrammatic Representation 9

Make preliminary drawing;

Exercise your own creativity on making the maps;

PRACTICE !PRACTICE! & PRACTICE ! because READING alone is not sufficient !

Classification of Statistical Graphs

Classification of Graphs:

1. Statistical Graphs; 2. Statistical Chart & Diagrams; 3. Statistical Maps.

What are Statistical Graphs ?

They are graphs basically concerned with the relationship between quantities and does not stress the idea of location;
Drawn on the background of squared graph paper;

Statistical Graphs

1. Line & curve graphs 2. Bar graphs 3. Age and sex pyramids 4. Dispersion graphs 5. Semi-logarithmic graphs 6.Circular graphs

Statistical Graphs- Line & Curve

Types of Line & Curve Graphs a. simple b. group or comparative c. compound d. divergence

1a.Simple Line & Curve Graphs:I

CONSTRUCTION: horizontal axis is normally used for independent variable; vertical axis for dependent variable; the base of the vertical scale should be at zero; the top should be slightly higher than the maximum value to be recorded;

1a.Simple Line & Curve Graphs:II

two different sets of values may be marked on the two axes e.g. oF and oC; hectares & acres values marked on the vertical scale must not stand on the horizontal lines but written so that they would be bisected by the horizontal line

1a.Simple Line & Curve Graphs:III

Do not indicate large numbers with long strings of noughts; e.g. 100, 000 & 200, 000 but write, either at the top (preferably) or along the side of the axis; When plotting, do not use crosses or dots surrounded by a circle to mark values. Use just a dot - visible, not too prominent.

1a.Simple Line & Curve Graphs: IV

GENERAL: Very great care must be taken in choosing both the vertical and horizontal scales; Graphs used for the purpose of comparison must be drawn on the same scale;

1b. Group or Comparative Line I

CONSTRUCTION: Lines and curves should be clearly & easily distinguishable from each other; Different colours can be used or different methods of drawing a line can be employed. e.g. --------, .., -.-.-.-. , ---.---. The maximum number of lines or curves on 1 statistical graph: 4 - 5 only.

1b. Group or Comparative Line II

GENERAL: sometimes advantageous to write essential information on each line or curve , but dont exceed one or at the most two words per line; Crossing of lines or curves should be avoided as much as possible to reduce confusion and the difficulty in interpretation.

1c. Compound Line Graph: I

CONSTRUCTION: Draw the largest item or the one that shows the least fluctuation first; Lines cannot cross each other; Colouring or shading is of considerable help in interpretation.

1c. Compound Line Graph: II

GENERAL: As the base of any individual line graph is not zero (except the bottom one); it must be remembered that only readings between the individual line graphs can be considered; Do not confuse the compound line graph with the comparative (or group)line graph. Difficult to find the value of individual item though the total value is shown.

1d. Divergence Line Graphs: I

CONSTRUCTION: The Zero line is usually thickened; Great care must be taken in choosing the vertical scale; The vertical scale can be in terms of values, quantities or percentages.

1d. Divergence Line Graphs: II

Values above average are calculated by subtracting average from actual production totals and plotted accordingly. The vertical axis must be scaled, both above and below the zero line; the upper part for positive, the lower for negative values.

1d. Divergence Line Graphs: II

GENERAL: The graph does not normally show production, exports, population and so on as absolute totals; It shows divergence, positive or negative, from some particular or average; It should not be used as a compound or comparative line graph. (1 commodity only)

2. Bar Graphs

a. Simple b. Group (or Comparative) c. Compound (or Divided) d. Divergence

2a. Simple Bar Graphs: I

CONSTRUCTION: The horizontal scale: independent variable; All bar must start at zero; Bars may be drawn horizontally when the time element is of minor significance; e.g. production of 1 commodity by different countries for a particular year In such case, bars are usually arranged in order of magnitude, the largest at the top.

2a. Simple Bar Graphs: II

When vertical bars are drawn, the time sequence is from left to right; If there is missing item, space should be left to indicate this. The width of the bar is a matter of choice but avoid bars that are too thick or too thin.

2a. Simple Bar Graphs: III

GENERAL: Bar graphs are often used in conjunction with line or curve graphs; e.g. climatic graph e.g. hydrograph

Group/Comparative Bar Graphs

Bars are grouped together for the purposes of comparison; The grouping of bars gives a better impression of totality and of the individual contribution made by each of the component parts; But does not give an accurate impression of the total; Solution: bars drawn as % of the total.

2b. Group/Comparative Bar Graphs: I

CONSTRUCTION: Basically the same as drawing simple bar graphs; Bars are usually drawn touching each other to give an impression of totality; Groups of bars must be separated from each other;

2b.Group/Comparative Bar Graphs: II

Use vertical group bars if the time element is of considerable importance; Draw the longest bar of the group on the left, proceeding in descending order to the right; All bars must be of the same width and drawn at right angles to the axis. No writing need appear on the bars but a key must be added.

2b.Group/Comparative Bar Graphs: III

GENERAL: Groups should be composed of not more than 3 or 4 bars;

Bars may be drawn inside each other but it is not recommended.

2c.Compound/ Divided Bar Graphs ?

It is drawn by sub-dividing one bar into its component parts. The total length of the bar represents the total value of the component parts which are shown as sub-division;

2c.Compound/ Divided Bar Graphs I

CONSTRUCTION: When draw vertically, the bars may be subdivided in descending order of size (the smallest at the top); Alternatively the component that shows the least variation may be placed nearest the zero line; Shading must indicate the same component.

2c.Compound/ Divided Bar Graphs II

GENERAL: Although the length of bars is easily and quickly compared, it is difficult to assess the value of any one component or to trace its fluctuation over a period of time.

2d. Divergence Bar Graphs I

CONSTRUCTION: The zero line must be clearly indicated; usually by thickening; The vertical axis must be scaled, both above and below the zero line; the upper part for positive, the lower for negative values.

2d. Divergence Bar Graphs II

Compound or group bars should not be used to show divergence;

divergence bar graphs usually employ simple bars only.

3. OTHERS

Age & Sex Graphs / Pyramids

Dispersion Graphs e.g. inter-quartile

Semi-Logarithmic Graphs
Circular Graphs

Statistical Chart and Diagrams ?

Do not depend on squared graph paper nor map; Used in conjunction with a map for defining or emphasizing location; or drawn independently.

Statistical Charts & Diagrams

1. Divided Circle (Pie Charts) 2. Divided Rectangle 3. Repeated Symbols e.g. Proportional Circles Proportional Squares Proportional Cubes Proportional Spheres Wind Roses

1. Divided Circle (Pie Charts) I

CONSTRUCTION: The circle may be of any convenient size; too small a circle must be avoided; The circle is divided into segments which are proportional to the value of the individual components; 1 % of the whole circle is equivalent to 3.6o

1. Divided Circle (Pie Charts) II

The largest component is usually placed to the right of 12 oclock. Small segments often present a problem and are best grouped together around 9 oclock; To reduce errors to a minimum, angles should be measured on a cumulative basis;

1. Divided Circle (Pie Charts) III

All printing on the pie chart should be in block capitals and horizontal. It is often advantageous to mark either absolute or percentage values on the relevant segment and to colour the segments distinctively; Segments that are similar in character must be grouped together;

1. Divided Circle (Pie Charts) IV

Small segments should be coloured with a bright colour or shaded by some distinctive means; The number of segments will be dictated by the nature of the statistics; the greater the number of segments the more difficult the pie chart becomes to read; 7 - 8 segments would seem to be the max.

1. Divided Circle (Pie Charts) V

GENERAL: A striking and effective visual impression can be given by a simple divided circle, especially if colours are used; For comparison of the components rather than on comparison of totals -- 2 or more simple divided circles of the same size may be used.

Statistical Maps ?

They stress the idea of location and / or spatial distribution;

based on a map as construction.

Statistical Map ?

1. Dot Maps 2. Isoline Maps 3. Shading (Choropleth) Maps 4. Flow Maps

THE END
Can you identify the different types of graphs from our textbook?

Other Graphic Techniques:

Scattered Graph: P.423, Fig. 16.5 Lorenz Curve: P.325, Fig. 13.8 Rank-size Rule: P.373, Fig. 14.23 P.374, Fig. 14.24 Nearest Neighbour Analysis P.371 Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient: P.573 Location Quotient: P.518