Motivation

Meaning of Motivation
Motivation is a basic psychological process.
It is a very important process in understanding behaviour. Desires, wants, wishes, aims, goals, needs, drives, motives and incentives. Latin word movere-> to move.

Defining Motivation
Motivation The processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
Key Elements 1. Intensity: how hard a person tries 2. Direction: toward beneficial goal 3. Persistence: how long a person tries

The Basic Motivation Process

Drives

Needs

Incentives

The Basic Motivation Process

Needs: Created whenever there is a physiological or psychological imbalance. e. g. deprivations of food/ water in a cell or people who serve as friends and companions.

Drives: Drives are setup to alleviate needs. Physiological and psychological drives are action oriented and provide and energizing thrust toward reaching an incentive. e. g. hunger and thirst drive, drive for affiliation.

The Basic Motivation Process

Incentives: Anything that alleviates a
need and reduces a drive. And attaining

an incentive tends to restore physiological

or psychological balance and reduces drive. e. g. food, water and friends.

Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Maslow)

Hierarchy of Needs Theory
There is a hierarchy of five needs physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization; as each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.

Self-Actualization
The drive to become what one is capable of becoming.

Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Maslow)

The Hierarchy:
1. Physiological needs: e.g., hunger, thirst, sleep and sex.

2. Safety needs: e. g., emotional as well as physical safety.

3. Love and Belongingness (Social) needs: e. g., Affection and affiliation needs. 4. Esteem needs: e. g., power, achievement, and status. 5. Needs for Self- Actualization: e. g., to become self

actualized, self-fulfilled, to realize all their potential.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Lower-Order Needs
Needs that are satisfied externally; physiological and safety needs.

Higher-Order Needs
Needs that are satisfied internally; social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Source: Motivation and Personality , 2nd ed,, by A.H. Maslow, 1970. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

HERZBERGS TWO- FACTOR THEORY

-Study on about 200 accountants and
engineers -Responses employed were in and by around critical

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
obtained incident method

Two-Factor Theory (Frederick Herzberg)

Two-Factor (Motivation-Hygiene) Theory Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction.

Hygiene Factors
Factorssuch as company policy and administration, supervision, and salarythat, when adequate in a job, placate workers. When factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.

Contrasting Views of Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

E X H I B I T 6 3

Equity Theory
Equity Theory Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.

Referent Comparisons:
Self-inside Self-outside Other-inside Other-outside

Equity Theory (contd)

Equity Theory (contd)

Choices for dealing with inequity:
1. Change inputs (slack off) 2. Change outcomes (increase output)

3. Distort/change perceptions of self

4. Distort/change perceptions of others 5. Choose a different referent person

6. Leave the field (quit the job)

Equity Theory (contd)

Propositions relating to inequitable pay:

1. Overrewarded hourly employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees.

2. Overrewarded piece-work employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work. 3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work.

4. Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees

Equity Theory (contd)

Distributive Justice Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals. Procedural Justice The perceived fairness of the process to determine the distribution of rewards.