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Roll No : 83

INTRODUCTION :
Introduction sesame has been used as a valued oil crop, Since antiquity Its origin has been disputed for more than a century It has long been believed that it was domesticated in Africa but interspecific hybridization and chemical evidence indicate that sesame was domesticated on the Indian subcontinent

INTRODUCTION
Sesame seed found in an excavation at Harappa (Pakistan) was dated at 2000 BC Sesame was taken to Mesopotamia in the Early Bronze Age and by 2000 BC it was a crop of great importance there Mesopotamia became the main center of distribution of sesame into the Mediteranean By the second century BC it was a prominent oil crop in China

INTRODUCTION :
Its introduction into tropical Africa is poorly documented Sesame was a valuable cargo in the trade between India and the Mediterannean along the southern Arabian and Red Sea coasts in the 2nd century BC It must have been known by that time in the horn of Africa

USES
Sesame seed, paste and oil are utilized in a very wide range of edible products Crude sesame oil pressed from the seed can be used directly as cooking oil refined oil is used as a salad oil or wherever an edible oil of good keeping quality is needed Sesame seeds are used in various food preparations , raw or roasted Through out the Arab world the seed is crushed into a tasty paste called tahini The mixture of seeds with sugar and flour is called halva

Oil is used in the manufacture of margarine and compound cooking fats As salad oil it
is often combined with other edible oils

Uses
In India the oil is used as a component of vegetable ghee and combined with other edible oils In India the oil is used as a component of vegetable ghee and for

anointing hair and skin

It is further used as a carrier for medicines and perfumes as synergist for pyrethrin-based insecticides Sesame cakae is an excellent livestock feed and a raw material for several foodstuffs

 Name of Crop : Sesamum, Till, Gingely Botanical name : Sesamum indium L. Family Ch. No. : Pediliaceae : 2n = 26

Center of origin : East Africa or Asia Mode on Pollination : Self Pollination Out of Crossing : % = < 1 %

BREEDING OBJECTIVE
higher yields improved plant architecture adapted crop duration resistance to diseases and pests indehicent capsules the degree of dehiscence is a cultivar chracterstics and of great importance for mechanized harvesting.

 Plants with partially dehiscent fruits that open slightly but generally retain their seed have also been identified Cultivars developed by Sesaco Corporation (San Antonio, Texas,

United States) are of this type

Plant height to the first capsule is another cultivar chracterstics that is important for mechanical harvesting The discovery of genetic male sterility in sesame eased the production of hybrid seed

 Interspecific hybridization is possible , and crosses may produces viable seeds Hybrids are partially fertile Polyploidy can be induced, but colchicines-treated seeds tend to produce low yields, although the growth rate and general vigour of tetraploids can exceed those of diploids

PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Major sesame producers Country

India China Sudan Ethipia Bangladesh Thailand Egypt Pakistan

Area harvested In Acres 4,324 1,534 3,781 544 198 162 77 210

Production In tonns 739 615 281 181 55 47 41 41

WORLD SESAME TRADE

Major sesame exporter Country

India China Sudan Ethipia Thailand Pakistan Myanmar

Exports In tonns 220 57 146 178 26 27 34

Importer In tonns 5 2.14 0 2 13 0 0

P RO P E RT I E S O F T H E S E E D
Properties of the seed Dry decorticated sesame seed contains per 100 g edible portion: water 3.8 g, energy 2640 Kj (631 kcal), protein 20.5 g, fat 60.2 g, carbohydrate 11.7 g, dietry fibre 11.6 g, Ca 60 mg, Mg 345 mg, P 667 mg, Fe 6.4 mg, Zn 6.7 mg, Vitamin A 9 IU, thiamin 0.70 mg, riboflavin 0.09 mg, niacin 5.80 mg, folate 115 g, and no ascorbic acid

P RO P E RT I E S O F T H E S E E D
Properties of the seed Dry decorticated sesame seed contains per 100 g edible portion: Ca 60 mg, Mg 345 mg, P 667 mg, Fe 6.4 mg, Zn 6.7 mg, Vitamin A 9 IU, Thiamin 0.70 mg, Riboflavin 0.09 mg, Niacin 5.80 mg, Folate 115 g, No Ascorbic acid

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Botanical Description Sesamum comprises about 20 species , most of which are indigenous to tropical Africa A few of the African species have spread to Asia and South America Molecular analysis and the occurrence of fully fertile hybrids confirm the proximity between Sesamum indicum and its progenintor Sesamum malabaricum Burn

Both species have the same chromosome number 2n=26

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Two scientific names have long been used for sesame: Sesamum orientale and S esamum indicum , but in 2005 the name Sesamum indicum was conserved against Sesamum orientale

Characters which may distinguish cultivars include

branching habit ( branched or unbranched), leaf morphology (divided basal leaves or leaves lanceolate throughout),

fruit dehiscence (dehiscent, partially dehiscent or indehiscent),

Seed color (white, ivory, grey, beige, brown, red, blck).

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

REPRODUCTIVE
Flowers arise in leaf axils on the upper stem and branches, and the node number on the main shoot at which the first flower is produced is a highly heritable cultivar characteristics Most flowers open at 5-7 a.m., wilt after midday, and are shed at 4-6 p.m.

Pollen is released shortly after the flowers open

the interval between flower opening and pollen release is a cultivar characteristics Flowers are mostly self pollinated, but cross pollination is possible and may reach 50% Depending on cultivar, the crop matures in 75-150 days after sowing

ECOLOGY
Ecology Sesame is a crop of the tropics and sub tropics, but summer planting and newer cultivars have extended its range into more temperate regions

It occurs mainly between 25oS and 25o N, but up to 40 o N in China,

Russia and the United States, 30oS in Australia and 35 o S in South America Sesame is sensitive to low temperatures and for this reason it is grown

experimentally up to 1800 m altitude

ECOLOGY
Sesame is a short day plant, but certain cultivars have become adapted to different photoperiods With 10 hours days it will normally flower in 42- 46 days after sowing Temperature and moisture have major modifying effects on the number of days to flowering

MAJOR CONSTRAINTS OF PRODUCTION

Diseases and Pests
The most serious diseases of sesame include leaf spot diseases caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. Sesami

fungi Cercospora sesami and alternaria sesame

blight or black shank (Phytophthora nicolianae), Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum)

powdery mildew (Oidium crysiphoides and Sphaerotheca fuliginea)

MAJOR CONSTRAINTS OF PRODUCTION

Insect pests
Sesame webworm ( Antigastra catalaunalis ) sesame gall midge ( Asphondylia sesami ) Antigastra caterpillars Sesame flea beetle ( Alocypha bimaculata ) Cut worms ( Agrotia spp .) devil grasshopper ( Diabolocatantops axillaries ) armyworm ( Helicoverpa fletcheri ) khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium )

MAJOR CONSTRAINTS OF PRODUCTION

Major constraints of production Diseases and Pests The most serious diseases of sesame include leaf spot diseases

caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. Sesami fungi Cercospora sesami and alternaria sesame blight or black shank (Phytophthora nicolianae), Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) powdery mildew (Oidium crysiphoides and Sphaerotheca fuliginea)

Major constraints:
Major constraints Insect pests Sesame webworm ( Antigastra catalaunalis ) sesame gall midge ( Asphondylia sesami )

Antigastra caterpillars Sesame flea beetle ( Alocypha bimaculata ) Major constraints: Major constraints Insect pests Cut worms ( Agrotia spp .) devil grasshopper ( Diabolocatantops axillaries ) armyworm

( Helicoverpa fletcheri ) green stink bug ( Nezara viridula ) khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium ) bean weevil ( Callosobruchus analis )

RESEARCH STATION
A. National : Direstorate of oil seed Research (DOR) Hydrabad, Andhara Pradesh

B. State : Main oilseed research Station JAU, Amreli, Gujarat

IMPROVED VARIETY
Improved Variety 1. Gujarat Till 1 2. Gujarat Till 2 3. Gujarat Till 10 (Black Seeded)

Hybrid Variety Yeti No 9 (ms 86-1 X Danbaek) GMS based hybrid in china