Good Afternoon

Non-Parametric Test-( 11-6-2013)

Presentation By
Dr.S.SelvaRani, Principal,
Sri Sarada Niketan College for Women,
Amaravathipudur, Karaikudi

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Tests of Hypotheses
Statistical tests arm the researcher to objectively interpret
the data, without intuitive, biased or unconcerned
generalization or particularization.
Medical test information from the diagnostic labs tells like:
Your Blood
Total Sugar
Borderline
high
High Interpretation
172mg/dL 200-239
mg/dL
>239
mg/dL
Fine; you are not a Sweet
person!
220mg/dL 200-239
mg/dL
>239
mg/dL
Pre-caution; you are
becoming a sweet person!
259mg/dL 200-239
mg/dL
>239
mg/dL
Alas; you are a Sweet
person! Its Dangerous!!
Here Pre-caution advice is based on Range Band. That is what statistical test
do. They place a confidence level. Outside confidence level , Reject H0.
the the
Parametric and Non-parametric tests
Statistical tests are of two broad types- Parametric and
Non-parametric.
Parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures
that test hypotheses involving different assumptions.
There are assumptions about:
- Shape of Data distribution- normal or any other or No
definite shape per se.
- Nature of Data Measurement or Counting based
- Variance
- Randomization of sampling, etc.
All these decide to use or not a particular class of test-
Parametric and Non-parametric.




Parametric statistics test hypotheses based on
the assumption that the samples come from
populations that are normally distributed or
conform to some other distribution.
Also, parametric statistical tests assume that
there is homogeneity of variance (variances within
groups are the same).
The level of measurement for parametric tests is
assumed to be ratio or interval.

Parametric Tests


Nonparametric Tests
Nonparametric statistical procedures
test hypotheses that do not require
normal distribution or variance
assumptions about the populations from
which the samples were drawn.

Nonparametric statistical procedures
are designed for ordinal or nominal data.
Non-Parametric Tests are versatile.
Nominal data are data that consist of names, labels, or
categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an order
scheme (such as low to high).
For example the number 24, 28, 18, on the shirts of the a
team of football players are substitutes for names. They dont
count or measure anything, so they are categorical data.
If you record a number (width, height, speed, errors, etc.,) its a
measurement.
If you record a label its Nominal (sex, popularity, beauty,
etc., )
If the data capable of being ranked. These are then Ordinal
. You know there are Interval and Ratio data.
Choosing A Statistical Procedure - Guidelines
Two Independent Variables
Interval or Ratio
Independent
t-test
Dependent
t-test
One-Way
ANOVA
Repeated
Measures
ANOVA
Two -Factor
ANOVA
Two-Factor
ANOVA
Repeated
Measures
Ordinal
Mann-
Whitney U
Wilcoxon
Kruskal-
Wallis
Friedman
Nominal Chi-Square Chi-Square Chi-Square
Multiple
Independent
Groups
Multiple
Dependent
Groups
Factorial Designs
Independent
Groups
Dependent
Groups
Measurement
Scale of the
Dependent
Variable
One Independent Variable
Two Levels More than 2 Levels
Two
Independent
Groups
Two
Dependent
Groups
Easy to Compute. Really easy, if we
know!!!
Without making assumptions about
population values or parameters.

Distribution-free Tests.
They compare medians rather than means.
Nonparametric Tests: Features
Many nonparametric methods do not
use the raw data and instead use
the rank order of data for analysis
Nonparametric methods can be used
with small samples
Not requiring the assumption of
Normality or the assumption of
Homogeneity of variance.
Many Non-Parametric Tests Exist
Tests
Description
Chi-Square Test Tests for significance of difference
between expected and actual
frequency distributions
Anderson- Darling
Test
Tests whether a sample is drawn from
a given distribution
Friedman Test Two
Way ANOVA Row-
wise Ranks
Tests whether k treatments in
randomized block designs have
identical effects
Kendalls Tau Measures statistical dependence
between two variables
Many Non-Parametric Tests
Tests
Description
Mann- Whitney U
or Wilcoxon Rank
Sum Test
Tests whether two samples are drawn from
the same distribution, as compared to a
given alternative hypothesis
Median Test Tests whether two samples are drawn from
distributions with equal medians
Kolmogorov-
Smirnov Test
Tests whether a sample is drawn from a
given distribution, or whether two samples
are drawn from the same distribution
Kruskal-Wallis One-
way ANOVA Rank
data
Tests whether >2 independent samples are
drawn from the same distribution
Many Non-Parametric Tests
Tests
Description
Kuipers Test Tests whether a sample is drawn from a
given distribution, sensitive to cyclic
variations such as day of the week
Sign Test Tests whether matched pair samples are
drawn from distributions with equal medians
Spearmans Rank
Correlation
Coefficient Test
Measures statistical dependence between two
variables using a monotonic function
Wilcoxon Signed
Rank Test
Tests whether matched pair samples are
drawn from populations with different mean
ranks
Caution About Using Non-Parametric tests
The main weakness of nonparametric tests is
that they are less powerful than parametric
tests.
They are less likely to reject the null hypothesis
when it is false.
We loose some information when data are
ordinal changed.
So, when the assumptions of parametric tests
can be met, parametric tests should be used
because they are the most powerful tests
available.
Type I Error Null hypothesis is rejected when it is
actually true. Probability of Type I error set by ,
(Alpha).
Type II Error Null hypothesis is accepted when it
is actually false
Probability of making a Type II error is called, ,
Beta.
Increasing alpha decreases beta and vice versa
Setting alpha and beta depends upon the cost of
making either type of error.
Chi-Square Test
Chi-Square Test
The Chi Square (X
2
) test is undoubtedly the
most important and most used member of
the nonparametric family of statistical tests.
Chi Square is employed to test the
difference between an actual sample and
another hypothetical or previously
established distribution such as that which
may be expected due to chance or
probability.

Chi-SquareTest
Chi Square can also be used to test
differences between two or more actual
samples.
We dont have scores, we dont have means.
We just have numbers, or frequencies. In
other words, we have nominal data or head-
count data.
Counting the Heads, nor their weight!!!
It is versatile with many applications.

Chi-Square Distribution
Chi-Square Distribution CDF
Determining the Cutoff for a C- hi-. It is all
Chi-Square Distribution Starts with
Value Zero and Extends upto Infinity
Degrees
of
Freedom
(df )

Probability (p)
Chi-Square vales for different Alpha and Degrees of Freedom
-- 0.95 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.50 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001
1 0.004 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.46 1.07 1.64 2.71 3.84 6.64 10.83
2 0.10 0.21 0.45 0.71 1.39 2.41 3.22 4.60 5.99 9.21 13.82
3 0.35 0.58 1.01 1.42 2.37 3.66 4.64 6.25 7.82 11.34 16.27
4 0.71 1.06 1.65 2.20 3.36 4.88 5.99 7.78 9.49 13.28 18.47
5 1.14 1.61 2.34 3.00 4.35 6.06 7.29 9.24 11.07 15.09 20.52
6 1.63 2.20 3.07 3.83 5.35 7.23 8.56 10.64 12.59 16.81 22.46
7 2.17 2.83 3.82 4.67 6.35 8.38 9.80 12.02 14.07 18.48 24.32
8 2.73 3.49 4.59 5.53 7.34 9.52 11.03 13.36 15.51 20.09 26.12
9 3.32 4.17 5.38 6.39 8.34 10.66 12.24 14.68 16.92 21.67 27.88
10 3.94 4.86 6.18 7.27 9.34 11.78 13.44 15.99 18.31 23.21 29.59
Nonsignificant Significant
A great question now. What?
Isnt Chi-Square Parametric!!!!
Chi-square is a statistic that is related to the central
limit theorem in the sense that proportions are in
fact means, and that proportions are normally
distributed (with a mean of p [not 3.141592653...]
and a variance of [(p) (1-p)].
Therefore, we can perform a normal curve test for
examining the difference between proportions such
that Z squared = chi square on one degree of
freedom. Since Z is indubitably a parametric test,
and chi square can be related to Z, we can infer that
it is, in fact, parametric.
Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit
Is any theoretical distribution like, Beta, Binomial,
Poisson, Normal or any other a good fit in a given case?
For instance we may assume, gender of new born is
binomial distributed, with q=p=0.5. In families each
with four children, we test this. Binomial distributions
acceptance needs testing here. We may use Chi-Square.
In project management the activity time estimates
(pessimistic, most-likely and optimistic) is said to be a
four parameter beta distributed. We may test this
using Chi-Square.
In an empirical distribution like, 2 : 3 : 5 as the ratio of
number of new-born babies with underweight, normal
weight and overweight in a rich country, to its goodness
of fit, we may use Chi-Square.

Do birds forage randomly on any tree or are
they choosing particular kind of trees?
A study on bird foraging behavior in a forest in Oregon
revealed the following. In a managed forest, 54% of the
canopy volume was Douglas fir, 40% was ponderosa
pine, 5% was grand fir, and 1% was western larch.
On 156 observations of foraging by nuthatches; 70
observations (45% of the total) in Douglas fir, 79 (51%)
in ponderosa pine, 3 (2%) in grand fir, and 4 (3%) in
western larch.
The biological null hypothesis is that the birds forage
randomly, without regard to what species of tree
they're in; The statistical null hypothesis is that the
proportions of foraging events are equal to the
proportions of canopy volume.

Problem Expressed in Frequency
Types of
Trees
Douglas
Fir
Ponderosa
Pine
Grand
Fir
Western
Larch
Total
Birds Actual Tree
Forage
Distribution = O
70 79 3 4 156
Birds Expected
Tree Preference
Distribution =
Tree Distribution
in the Managed
Forest = E .
84 62
8 2 156

The difference in proportions is significant ( =11.296,
table Value= 7.82 for 3 d.f. without merging) P=0.0035.
* The formula for calculating
chi-square

Degrees of freedom (df) = n-1
where n is the number of classes
Contingency Table based Chi-square
Contingency table is also referred to a cross
tabulation or cross tab. T is a type of matrix table
displaying multiple variables in frequency. The term
was originally used by great statistician Karl Pearson
in the context of his study. But now it stands
generalized.
Are variables in questions are independent or
dependent?
Are the attributes Related or Un-related, Associated
or Un-associated?
We use Chi-square. Most of you know this very well.
Yet have a cursory glance over an example.
Asia Africa
South
America
Totals
Malaria A 31 14 45 90
Malaria B 2 5 53 60
Malaria C 53 45 2 100
Totals 86 64 100 250
Suppose you have the following categorical data
set. Incidence of three types of malaria in three
tropical regions.

Observed Expected |O -E| (O E)2 (O E)2/ E
31 30.96 0.04 0.0016 0.0000516
14 23.04 9.04 81.72 3.546
45 36.00 9.00 81.00 2.25
2 20.64 18.64 347.45 16.83
5 15.36 10.36 107.33 6.99
53 24.00 29.00 841.00 35.04
53 34.40 18.60 345.96 10.06
45 25.60 19.40 376.36 14.70
2 40.00 38.00 1444.00 36.10
We could now set up the following table:
Chi Square = 125.516; DF= (c - 1)(r - 1) = 2(2) = 4
H0 Rejected. See Below.
Df 0.5 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01
1 0.455 2.706 3.841 5.412 6.635
2 1.386 4.605 5.991 7.824 9.210
3 2.366 6.251 7.815 9.837 11.345
4 3.357 7.779 9.488 11.668 13.277
5 4.351 9.236 11.070 13.388 15.086
Reject Ho because 125.516 is greater than 9.488 (for alpha = 0.05)
Thus, we would reject the null hypothesis that there is no
relationship between location and type of malaria.
Inference : There is a relationship between type of malaria and
location.
Mann Whitney U Test
Nonparametric equivalent of the
independent t test
Two independent groups
Ordinal measurement of the
Decision Variable
The sampling distribution of U is
known and is used to test
hypotheses in the same way as the t
distribution.

Other Names: MannWhitney
Wilcoxon (MWW), Wilcoxon
rank-sum test, or Wilcoxon
MannWhitney test)


Mann Whitney U Test
To compute the Mann
Whitney U:
Rank the scores in
both groups together
from highest to
lowest.
Sum the ranks of the
scores for each group.
The sum of ranks for
each group are used to
make the statistical
comparison.
Rank Total

Income Rank Income Rank
25 12 27 10
32 5 19 17
36 3 16 20
40 1 33 4
22 14 30 7
37 2 17 19
20 16 21 15
18 18 23 13
31 6 26 11
29 8 28 9
85 125
Non-Directional Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis: There is no
difference in scores of the two
groups (i.e. the sum of ranks for
group 1 is no different from the
sum of ranks for group 2).
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a
difference between the scores of
the two groups (i.e. the sum of
ranks for group 1 is significantly
different from the sum of ranks for
group 2).
Computing the Mann Whitney U Using SPSS
Enter data into SPSS spreadsheet; two columns 1
st

column: groups; 2
nd
column: scores (ratings)
Analyze Nonparametric 2 Independent Samples
Select the independent variable and move it to the
Grouping Variable box Click Define Groups
Enter 1 for group 1 and 2 for group 2
Select the dependent variable and move it to the Test
Variable box Make sure Mann Whitney is selected
Click OK
Interpreting the Output
Ranks
10 12.50 125.00
10 8.50 85.00
20
Income Status
Income Produci ng
No Income
Total
Equal Ri ghts Atti tudes
N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
Test Statistics
b
30.000
85.000
-1.512
.131
.143
a
Mann-Whitney U
Wil coxon W
Z
Asymp. Si g. (2-tai l ed)
Exact Si g. [2*(1-tai led
Si g.)]
Equal Rights
Attitudes
Not corrected for ti es.
a.
Groupi ng Variabl e: Income Status
b.
The output provides a z
score equivalent of the
Mann Whitney U statistic.
It also gives significance
levels for both a one-tailed
and a two-tailed
hypothesis.
where n
1
is the sample size for sample 1, and R
1
is the
sum of the ranks in sample 1. Note that it doesn't matter
which of the two samples is considered a sample. Take
either U1 or U2 as U and compute z. Same result gets.

where, m
U
and
U
are the mean and
standard deviation of U. Z A standard
normal deviate whose significance can be
checked in tables of the normal distbn.
MW U Test
U=R1- [(n1)(n1+1)]/2
=85-[(10)(11)]/2
=85-55=30.
= Sq.Rt.
[(n1.n2(n1+n2+1)/12]
= Sq.Rt. (2100/12)=13.23
Mu = n1*n2/2= 50
Z= [U- Mu]/
= [30-50]/13.23 =-1.512

U=R2- [(n2)(n2+1)]/2
=125-[(10)(11)]/2
=125-55=70
= Sq.Rt.
[(n1.n2(n1+n2+1)/12]
= Sq.Rt. (2100/12)=13.23
Mu = n1*n2/2= 50
Z= [70- Mu]/
= [70-50]/13.23 = 1.512




Mann-Whitney U test II
Pair No.Unmaried Married
thorax thorax
width width
1 4 2.8
2 3 2.7
3 2.6 2.6
4 3.85 2.7
5 2.65 2.6
6 2.7 2.6
7 2.85 2.7
8 2.85 2.8
9 3.2 2.9
10 2.9 2.6
Unmarried Married
thorax thorax
Rank width Rank width
3 2.6 3 2.6
6 2.65 3 2.6
8.5 2.7 3 2.6
13.5 2.85 3 2.6
13.5 2.85 8.5 2.7
15.5 2.9 8.5 2.7
17 3 8.5 2.7
18 3.2 11.5 2.8
19 3.85 11.5 2.8
20 4 15.5 2.9
Mann-Whitney U test
Rank both lists as one combined list
I found this a time consuming task
Mann-Whitney U test
Sum the ranks for each sample
N1= # obs in 1 N2= # obs in 2
Unmarried Married
thorax thorax
Rank width Rank width
3 2.6 3 2.6
6 2.65 3 2.6
8.5 2.7 3 2.6
13.5 2.85 3 2.6
13.5 2.85 8.5 2.7
15.5 2.9 8.5 2.7
17 3 8.5 2.7
18 3.2 11.5 2.8
19 3.85 11.5 2.8
20 4 15.5 2.9
R1=134 R2=76
Wilcoxon Tests
Wilcoxon Dependent Sample
Signed-Rank Test
Nonparametric equivalent of the
dependent (paired-samples) t test
Two dependent groups (within
design)
Ordinal level measurement of the
DV.
The test statistic is T, and the
sampling distribution is the T
distribution.
Let N be the sample size, the
number of pairs. Thus, there are a
total of 2N data points.
Procedure for Testing Hypotheses About
Differences in Related Samples
Data : The Data
are computed from pairs of measurements
on each of the n elements in the sample.
Assumptions : The random variables
are independent and identically distributed, and their
distribution is symmetric.


Test Statistic
Let R = and




The test statistics



Example :

The reading scores in this section represent
differences for 10 randomly selected individuals
who were measured before (Y) and after (X)
taking a speed reading course. These differences
were determined by the Lilliefors test to be not
normally distributed. Therefore, the Wilcoxon
signed ranks test is used to test with = .01.
Alternate Hypothesis (The mean reading
scores are higher after the course).
Null Hypothesis (The mean reading scores are not
changed by the course)
Person Score After
Course
X
1

Score Before
Course
Y
1

Difference in
Scores
D
1
= X
1
- Y
1

Rank of
[ D
1
]
Singed Rank
R
1

1 261 251 10 7 7
2 292 247 45 8 8
3 317 308 9 6 6
4 253 258 -5 3 -3
5 271 267 4 2 2
6 305 256 49 9 9
7 238 230 8 5 5
8 320 268 52 10 10
9 267 269 -2 1 -1
10 281 275 6 4 4




= 4.27
TR=Mean of R/(SR/n)
=4.7/(4.27/10)
= 4.7/1.35= 3.48
From t distribution with 9 degrees
of freedom the critical value =
2.8214. Since, test statistic
T= 3.48 is greater than 2.8214, Ho
is Rejected.
Inference : The mean reading
scores are changed by the course.
Computing the Wilcoxon Test Using SPSS
Enter data into SPSS spreadsheet; two columns
1
st
column: pretest scores; 2
nd
column: post-test
scores
Analyze Nonparametric 2 Related Samples
Highlight both variables move to the Test
Pair(s) List Click OK
To Generate Descriptives:
Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore
Both variables go in the Dependent box
Click Statistics Make sure Descriptives are
checked Click OK


Wilcoxon Test
To compute the Wilcoxon
T:
Determine the
differences between
scores.
Rank the absolute values
of the differences.
Place the appropriate
sign with the rank (each
rank retains the positive
or negative value of its
corresponding
difference)
T = the sum of the ranks
with the less frequent
sign

Pretest
Posttest Difference
Sgn.
Rank
36 21 15 11
23 24 -1 -1
48 36 12 10
54 30 24 12
40 32 8 7
32 35 -3 -3
50 43 7 6
44 40 4 4
36 30 6 5
29 27 2 2
33 22 11 9
45 36 9 8
Non-Directional Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis: There is no
difference in scores before
and after an intervention (i.e.
the sums of the positive and
negative ranks will be
similar).
Non-Directional Research
Hypothesis: There is a
difference in scores before
and after an intervention (i.e.
the sums of the positive and
negative ranks will be
different).

Interpreting the Output
Ranks
10
a
7.40 74.00
2
b
2.00 4.00
0
c
12
Negati ve Ranks
Posi ti ve Ranks
Ti es
Total
POSTTEST - PRETEST
N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
POSTTEST < PRETEST
a.
POSTTEST > PRETEST
b.
POSTTEST = PRETEST
c.
Test Statistics
b
-2.746
a
.006
Z
Asymp. Si g. (2-tail ed)
POSTTEST -
PRETEST
Based on posi ti ve ranks.
a.
Wil coxon Si gned Ranks Test
b.
The T test statistic is the sum
of the ranks with the less
frequent sign.
The output provides the
equivalent z score for the test
statistic.
Two-Tailed significance is
given.

The Kruskal-Wallis Test
The Kruskal-Wallis test is a nonparametric test that can be used to
determine whether three or more independent samples were selected
from populations having the same distribution.
H
0:
There is no difference in the population distributions.
H
a:
There is a difference in the population distributions.

Combine the data and rank the values. Then separate
the data according to sample and find the sum of the
ranks for each sample.
R
i
= the sum of the ranks for sample i.
Kruskal-Wallis Test
( )
( ) 1 3
1
12
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
+
= N
n
R
n
R
n
R
N N
H
k
k

Given three or more independent samples, the test

statistic H for the Kruskal-Wallis test is
where k represents the number of samples, n
i
is the size
of the i
th
sample, N is the sum of the sample sizes, and
R
i
is the sum of the ranks of the i
th
sample.
Reject the null hypothesis when H is
greater than the critical number.
(always use a right tail test.)
You know the one-way ANOVA is an extension of the
two independent groups t-test to a 3 or more
population problem.
The Kruskal-Wallis test is an extension of the
Mann-Whitney U test to a 3 or more population
problem

The Kruskal-Wallis test handles k-independent
groups of samples, based on chi-square. Here it is
Non-parametric.

Like the Mann-Whiteny U test, this test uses ranks.

Note: Kruskal-Wallis test in the rank
transformed pattern is One-way ANOVA, based
on F test. Here it is Parametric.
Procedure

1. Combine the observations of the various
groups

2. Arrange them in order of magnitude
from lowest to highest

3. Assign ranks to each of the observations
and replace them in each of the groups

4. Original ratio data have therefore
been converted into ordinal or
ranked
data

5. Ranks are summed in each
group and the test statistic, H is
computed

6. Ranks assigned to observations
in each of the k groups are
added separately to give k rank
sums


You want to compare the hourly pay rates of accountants
who work in Michigan, New York and Virginia. To do so,
you randomly select 10 accountants in each state and record
their hourly pay rate as shown below. At the .01 level, can
you conclude that the distributions of accountants hourly
pay rates in these three states are different?
MI(1) NY(2) VA(3)
14.24 21.18 17.02
14.06 20.94 20.63
14.85 16.26 17.47
17.47 21.03 15.54
14.83 19.95 15.38
19.01 17.54 14.9
13.08 14.89 20.48
15.94 18.88 18.5
13.48 20.06 12.8
16.94 21.81 15.57
H
0
: There is no difference in the hourly pay rate in the 3 states.
H
a
: There is a difference in the hourly pay in the 3 states.
0.01 o =
1. Write the null and alternative hypothesis
2. State the level of significance
3. Determine the sampling distribution
The sampling distribution is chi-square with d.f. = 3-1 = 2
From Table ,the critical value is 9.210.
_ 2
5. Find the rejection region
4. Find the critical value
Test Statistic
Data State Rank
12.8 VA 1
13.08 MI 2
13.48 MI 3
14.06 MI 4
14.24 MI 5
14.83 MI 6
14.85 MI 7
14.89 NY 8
14.9 VA 9
15.38 VA 10
15.54 VA 11
15.57 VA 12
15.94 MI 13
16.26 NY 14
16.94 MI 15
17.02 VA 16
17.47 MI 17.5
17.47 VA 17.5
17.54 NY 19
18.5 VA 20
18.88 NY 21
19.01 MI 22
19.95 NY 23
20.06 NY 24
20.48 VA 25
20.63 VA 26
20.94 NY 27
21.03 NY 28
21.18 NY 29
21.81 NY 30
Michigan salaries are in ranks:
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 17.5, 22
The sum = 94.5
New York salaries are in ranks:
8, 14, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30
The sum is 223
Virginia salaries are in ranks:
1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17.5, 20, 25, 26
The sum is 147.5
R
1
= 94.5, R
2
= 223, R
3
=147.5
n
1
=

10, n
2
=10 and n
3
=10, so N = 30

H =
2 2 2
12 94.5 223 147.5
3(30 1) 10.76
30(30 1) 10 10 10
| |
+ + + =
|
+
\ .
10.76 9.210
Make Your Decision
Interpret your decision
The test statistic, 10.76 falls in the rejection region, so
Reject the null hypothesis
There is a difference in the salaries of the 3 states.
Find the test statistic
Purpose
Allows a scientist to test the influence of the
independent variable upon the dependent variable
Controls for the influence of other variables
Conclusions
Primary question How reasonable are these results if
chance alone were responsible?
If the results are not due to chance, then the results are
attributed to the experimental manipulation

Example. A study is being conducted on whether entering college students gain weight
during the freshman year. Below are the "Before" and "After" weights for a random
sample of 30 students. Test to see whether there is a significant "gain" in weights after
the freshman year in college.
Before After Before After
133 135 + 121 125 +
152 160 + 144 140 _
169 180 + 106 108 +
156 154 _ 182 175 +
178 185 + 122 120 _
220 226 + 110 114 +
145 150 + 130
134 +

138 140 + 165 165 0
218 225 + 158 160 +
140 140 0 106 105 _
148 143 _ 160 166 +
98 102 + 122 125 +
142 138 _ 146 155 +
170 182 + 112 115 +
108 112 + 145 144 _


Sign test Calculation
No. of positive Ranks =20; Negative Ranks =8; Ties = 2
Null hypothesis: No difference in weight in pre-post
stages
H0: Assumed Population P = Q=0.5
Sample p =20\28 =0.71 & III ly, Sample: q =8\28 =0.29.
SE of Proportion = Sq.Rt [(PQ)/n]= Sq.Rt [(.5 * .5)/28]=
0.0298
Z= [p-P]/ SE = [0.71-0.5]/ 0.0298
= 0.21/ 0.0298= 7.05
H0 Rejected at 5% Significance level.
SPSS
After entering the data in the appropriate lists and executing the SIGNTEST
program by entering 2 for the alternative X < Y, we see that there are 20
persons who increased in weight (pos. changes) out of 28 persons who
actually changed weight (changes). If there were "no difference" (i.e., if p =
P(After > Before) = 0.5) ), then there would be only a 0.01785 probability
(from the right-tail P-value) of there being as many as 20 people out of 28
who gained weight. This low p-value gives evidence to reject the claim that
there is no difference in favor of the alternative that there is tendency to gain
weight.
Thank you