BUILDING STRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS-PART I

DR CHEAH CHEE BAN SENIOR LECTURER OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF HOUSING BUILDING AND PLANNING

BUILDING STRUCTURES-AN OVERVIEW

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Building is a civil engineering infrastructure which serves as a shelter for human to execute various activities namely:
Residential Commercial Manufacturing

BUILDING STRUCTURES-AN OVERVIEW

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Hence, the function of a building structural system is to sustain the self weight of the building components and the live load exerted on it by various human activities. The load will be transferred by various structural elements of the building from all the floors and roof to the foundation of the building.

BUILDING STRUCTURES-AN OVERVIEW

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The various structural elements which are responsible for distributionof building loads are: Slabs Beams Columns Staircase Walls (Structural and Nonstructural) Foundation system (Shallow or deep foundation)

BUILDING STRUCTURES-AN OVERVIEW

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Eventually the overall load of the building will be transferred to the sub grade soil of the proposed site of the building by the foundation system of the building structure.

STRUCTURAL SLABS
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Slab is a structural component of a building main frame which is designed to sustain panel load exerted from the various floor uses. Structural slabs are in direct contact with the live load component of a building.

STRUCTURAL SLABS
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Structural slabs are usually designed as a thin plated shell member with limited thickness <300 mm. Structural slab also serves as an intermediate load transfer component which transfer the load exerted on a building to the structural beam members.

STRUCTURAL SLABS
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Panel loads are then transferred from slabs to beams, columns or walls in the form of trapezoidal, triangular, uniform distributed or point load depending on the

STRUCTURAL SLABS
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There are a number of common types of slabs in a building structure namely:

1. Spanning slabs between beams and walls 2. One-way pan joists 3. Two-way reinforced slab supported directly by column 4. Two-way flat slab 5. Waffle flat slabs

SPANNING SLAB BETWEEN BEAMS AND WALLS Description:

Span continuously over beams and wall supports Thickness of slab varies between 75mm-250mm. Allowable span up to 7.4 m between supports Widely used in the construction of reinforced concrete buildings in Malaysia.

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SPANNING SLAB BETWEEN BEAMS AND WALLS

Advantages: Simple formwork (timber or steel) for fabrication of the slab. Simple internal reinforcement arrangement and design. Well established design method Allow for higher headroom of building
Disadvantages: High self-weight and inefficient load transfer ability. Intensive materials requirements Not suitable for long span in excess of 8 metres

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ONE WAY PAN JOISTS

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Description: Span continuously over primary beams supports Thickness of slab usually fixed at 60mm Presence of joists spanning between primary beams. Joist depth varies between 150-510mm Allowable span up to 12.3 m between supports

ONE WAY PAN JOISTS

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Advantages: Simple internal reinforcement arrangement and design. Well established design method Allow for longer span of slab
Disadvantages: Intensive materials requirements Not suitable for use when there is limited headroom available.

TWO WAY FLAT PLATE

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Description:
Two way reinforced concrete slab which is supported directly by column

TWO WAY FLAT PLATE

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Advantages: Economical design with low formwork and steel reinforcements requirements Allow for higher headroom of a building
Disadvantages: Low load bearing capacity Not suitable for use as heavy duty floor High tendency of punching shear failure upon over load.

TWO WAY FLAT SLAB

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Description: Similar structural arrangement as two way flat plate. The presence of drop panel on top of supporting columns is the distinguishing feature of flat slab from flat plate. The drop panel enhances the shear and bending moment resisting capacity of the slab at the column supports

TWO WAY FLAT SLAB

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Advantages: Higher load bearing capacity as compared to two way flat plate. Economical design with low formwork and steel reinforcements requirements Allow for higher headroom of a building
Disadvantages: Not suitable for use as heavy duty floor system.

WAFFLE FLAT SLABS

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Description:
Slab is supported by square grid of closely spaced joists The waffle flat slabs are formed by casting the slab and joists integrally over square dome forms Thickness of slab is 50mm and supported on grid of joists with depth up to 400mm.

WAFFLE FLAT SLABS

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Advantages: Exceptionally high load bearing capactiy Allow for very long span of floor up to 14 metres between supports Aesthetically appealing structural form. Disadvantages: Material intensive and high cost for fabrication. Not suitable for building with limited headroom High self-weight and requires very strong support.

STRUCTURAL BEAMS
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Structural beams are horizontal members of a building main frame which act as the primary supports to structural slabs. It is also an intermediate structural component of a building which transfer the load from the slab to the structural columns

STRUCTURAL BEAMS
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Under normal service condition, structural beams are subjected to combined bending ,shear stresses and torsion. Hence, structural beam is classified as a moment-shear structural members. With that the bending moment, shear force and torsion are the three major parameters considered in the analysis and design of structural beams.

STRUCTURAL BEAMS
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There are a few types of structural beams which are commonly used in building construction. They are:
Reinforced concrete beams Structural steel beams

Pre-stressed concrete beams

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

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Overview
RC beams which are commonly used in the Malaysian construction industry is a composite structural member. It is fabricated using the combination of structural concrete and steel reinforcement bars For common application, reinforced concrete beams has a rectangular cross section.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

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Load and stress mitigation mechanism

The load transferred from the slabs to the beams are in the form of point load or uniform load The gravity load transferred from the slab onto a structural beam will be converted into bending moment, shear forces and torsion which act directly on the beam member.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

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Load and stress mitigation mechanism The compressive stress induced by bending moment within the cross section of a reinforced concrete beam is resisted by the concrete matrix of the beam. The tension stress induced by bending moment within the cross section of a reinforced concrete beam is resisted by the steel bars embedded in the concrete matrix. Meanwhile, the shear stress and torsion stress component in the structural member is resisted by both steel and concrete matrix.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

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Analysis and design consideration

There are two basic design of a reinforced concrete beam namely:
Simply supported beam Continuously spanning beam

The bending moments and shear forces of a beam is determined by modeling a beam as a bending structural member.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

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Analysis and design consideration (Contd) The design of a reinforced concrete beam involves the calculation to determine: The cross section of concrete required The number and size of steel reinforcements bar required to sustain the gravity load transferred to a beam The design of reinforced concrete beam is usually performed using the British Standards BS 8110-Part 1 and Eurocode 2-EN 1990

STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS

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Overview
Structural steel beams is commonly used in the construction of long spanning structures such as factory or storage building It is also commonly used in countries with active seismic activities due to its high ductility performance

STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS

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Overview
Structural steel beams is fabricated using hot rolled structural steel section For common application, structural steel beam has standard I-cross section or H cross section.

STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS

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Load and stress mitigation mechanism

The load transferred from the slabs to the beams are in the form of uniformly distributed load The gravity load transferred from the slab onto a structural beam will be converted into bending moment, shear forces and torsion which act directly on the beam member.

STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS

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Load and stress mitigation mechanism

Any compression stress and tension stress induced by the bending moment on steel beam will be resisted by both flange and web of the steel beam Meanwhile, the shear stress and torsion stress component in the structural steel member is resisted mainly by web of the beam

STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS

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Analysis and design consideration

Structural steel beam are usually designed as a single span simply supported structural member. The bending moments and shear forces of a beam is determined by modeling a beam as a bending structural member.

STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS

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Analysis and design consideration (Contd)

The design of a structural steel beam involves the calculation to determine the size of steel cross section and joint required to sustain the gravity load transferred to a beam The design of structural steel beam is usually performed using the British Standards BS 5950-2000

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Overview
Pre-stressed concrete beam is commonly used in the construction of very long spanning structures (span >20 metres) such as factory, storage building or bridges. Besides, it has an extremely high bending load bearing capacity.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Overview
Pre-stressed concrete beams is fabricated using the combination of high tension yield cable (Grade >1200MPa) and high strength concrete matrix (Grade >70MPa). Tensioning force is induced within the cable placed in the beam member using a high capacity hydraulic jack.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Load and stress mitigation mechanism

The load transferred from the slabs to the beams are in the form of uniformly distributed load The gravity load transferred from the slab onto a prestressed concrete beam will be converted into bending moment, shear forces and torsion which act directly on the beam member.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Load and stress mitigation mechanism

The tension stress induced by the bending moment on prestressed concrete beam will be transformed into compression stress by the high tension force cable embedded in the concrete matrix Meanwhile, the shear stress and torsion stress component in the structural steel member is resisted mainly by steel reinforcements provided in the beam.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Analysis and design consideration

Prestressed concrete beam are usually designed as a single span simply supported structural member. The bending moments and shear forces of a beam is determined by modeling a beam as a bending structural member.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Analysis and design consideration

There are two forms of prestressed concrete namely:
Pre-tensioning beam member

Post-tensioning beam member

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Analysis and design consideration

Pre-tensioning: Tensioning force of the cable is induced before the placement of concrete. Post-tensioning: Tensioning force of the cable is induced after the placement and hardening of concrete.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Analysis and design consideration (Contd)

The design of a prestressed concrete beam involves the calculation to determine
the size of concrete cross section, number of high tension cable and the tensioning force of cable

required to sustain the gravity load transferred to a beam

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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Analysis and design consideration (Contd)

The tensioning force induced in the steel is usually in the range of 50-500 tonnes. The design of reinforced concrete beam is usually performed using the British Standards BS 8110Part 2.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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CYBERJAYA FLYOVER COLLAPSED:WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED?

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

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SPECULATIONS.....

Presented by DR CHEAH CHEE BAN | SENIOR LECTURER, SCHOOL OF HOUSING BUILDING AND PLANNING