CHAPTER 1: Mole Balances

Lecture 1

CHAPTER 1
Lect. Principles of Chemical Reaction Engineering Reactors function and operation Mole balances Conversion and reactor sizing Rate laws and stoichiometry Introduction to Reactor Design Steady State Isothermal Reactor Design Single reactor design for single reaction o Batch reactor o CSTR o PFR / PBR o Size comparison of various reactor Collection and analysis of rate data o Analysis of experimental data o Different algorithm for data analysis o Experimental planning o Evaluation of lab reactors Multiple reactions o Parallel reactions for CSTR / PFR o Series reaction for CSTR / PFR Introduction to Steady State Non-Isothermal Reactor The energy balance Adiabatic Operations Non Adiabatic Operations Equilibrium conversion Distribution of Residence time for Chemical Reactors Residence Time Distribution of Fluid in Vessel Characteristics of the RTD Residence time distribution in ideal reactors Overview on Catalytic Reactor Technology Design of reactors for Catalytic reaction Total Hours Hours Tut.

2 36

1 12

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Course Learning Outcome (CO)

1. 2.

3.

4.

Explain the fundamentals of different types of reactors and reactor operations. Apply the principles of chemical reaction engineering in solving reaction engineering problems, both for homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Interpret and analyze reaction kinetics and reactor systems for optimum reactor performance. Apply reactor design equations for a broad range of conditions including multiple reactions, catalytic reactions and non-isothermal processes.

Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex chemical engineering problems. Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex chemical engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences

CHAPTER 1 Chemical Engineering Programme Outcomes (PO)

Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex chemical engineering problems. Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex chemical engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences Design solutions for complex chemical engineering problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. Investigate complex chemical engineering problems using research based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions. Use modern engineering and IT tools to evaluate complex chemical engineering activities. Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice. Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development. Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of chemical engineering practice Communicate effectively on complex chemical engineering activities with the engineering community and society. Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multidisciplinary settings. Recognise the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering and management principles and apply these to ones own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

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Objectives- Chapter 1:

Define the rate of chemical reaction.

Distinguish the difference in operation of different types of reactor

Apply the mole balance equations to a batch reactor, CSTR, PFR, and PBR.

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Topics (Chapter 1):

Lecture 1:

Lecture 2:

Lecture 3:

Chemical Identity Reaction Rate General Mole Balance Equation Mole Balance for Different Reactor Types Mole Balance for Different Reactor Types

Examples

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WHY CHEMICAL ENGINEERS NEED TO STUDY REACTION ENGINEERING?

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CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING

CHEMICAL REACTION

REACTOR DESIGN

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Basic knowledge: Very important

Applications:

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Application of Chem Rxn Engr (please read page 1-3)

Manufacture of polyethylene and ethylene. Plant Safety (Nitroanaline Plant Explosion Exothermic Reactions That Run Away). Oil recovery. Lubricant Design (Effective Lubricant Design Scavenging Free Radicals). Enzyme kinetics and Pharmacokinetics. Cobra Bites (Pharmacokinetics of Cobra Bites Multiple Reactions in a Batch Reactor (body).

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Reaction rate, -rA

What

does it tell???

How

fast a number of moles of one chemical species are being consumed to form another chemical species (identity).

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Chemical Identity

Identity of a chemical species is determined by the kind, number and configuration of the species atom
H H H CH3

C
CH3

C
CH3 CH3

C
H

Cis-2-butene

Trans-2-butene

Considered as 2 different species due to the different configuration even when the numbers of atoms of elements are the same

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Chemical Identity

A reaction is said to occur when a species lost its identity and assumed a new form either by:
Change
Change

in the number of atoms in the compound

in structure of the compound

Change

in configuration of atoms

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Chemical Identity

3 ways of losing chemical identity:

Decomposition

CH 3CH 3 H 2 H 2C CH 2
Combination

N 2 O2 2 NO
Isomerisation
C2 H 5CH CH 2 CH 2 C CH 3 2

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Reaction rate
Defined as the rate at which a chemical species reacts (or formed) per unit volume Expressed as:

Rate

of reactant disappearance Rate of product formation

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Reaction rate

Example: A B
Rate

of reaction is given by:

-rA = rate of disappearance of A rB = rate of formation of B

For heterogeneous reaction, rate of reaction is express in terms of catalyst volume or catalyst weight

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Reaction rate

Reaction rate is an intensive properties depends on concentration, temperature, pressure, or type of catalyst, present in a system Reaction rate is NOT influence by type of reactor used!! Reaction rate is expressed as: -rA = kCAn

NOTE: dCA/dt is not the definition for reaction rate

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Reaction rate:

dCA rA dt

Example: Is NaOH reacting?

CSTR - operated at steady state; inlet flow rate = outlet flow rate Perfectly well mixed system; concentration of samples taken at 10 a.m is the same as concentration taken at 5 p.m Therefore: dCA/dt = 0

Does this mean that -rA = 0; i.e. no

reaction occurs? The answer is NO!

dCA/dt = 0

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Reaction rate

For any species A:

rA

is the rate of formation of species A per unit volume [e.g. mol/dm3.s] rA is a function of concentration, temperature, pressure, and the type of catalyst (if any) rA is independent of the type of reactor (batch, plug flow, etc.) rA is an algebraic equation, not a differential equation

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CAB 2074 - Reaction Engineering

Dr. KuZee

Jan 2010