Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1. Cost of electric power
2. Factors influencing costs & tariffs 3. Load curve
4. Tariff
5. Reduction of energy costs 6. Power factor correction
Fixed
Most of the fuel cost Small portion of salaries & wages Repair & maintenance
Demand - Load requirement averaged over a specified interval of time of short duration Average Demand - Average power demand during a specified period of time of considerable duration (a day, month or year)
2.
Maximum Demand - Greatest of all the demands which have occurred during a given period - Not the greatest instantaneous demand but the greatest average demand
Demand Factor - Ratio of actual maximum demand made by the load to the rating of the connected load
Maximum demand < Connected load Electrical apparatus are usually selected somewhat greater than the requirement In a group of electrical devices, all are not imposing their maximum demand at the same time
7
Diversity of Demand - Maximum demand of various consumers occur at different times during the day and not simultaneously - This results in lower costs of electric energy Diversity Factor
6.
- Usually > 1 - Higher diversity factor - More consumers can be supplied - Lower prices can be offered to consumers
Load Factor
- Ratio of the average power to the maximum demand - Per year, per month or per day
- Equipments are selecting for maximum demand - If fully occupied or not, there are fixed charges - Poor load factors -> charge per kWh high - To improve load factor -> accepting off-peak loads at reduced rates
9.
Utilization Factor
10
3. Load Curve
1.
Load Curve Y-axis - Load in kW X-axis - Time Area under the curve - Total energy consumed Following information can be obtained Maximum load Size of generator unit required Daily operating schedule
11
3. Load Curve
12
4. Tariff
Generating equipment has to be ready to meet
for the portion of the plant that have been allocated to him Variable charges - for the units used by him
13
14
3000.00
650.00
15
- 1830 hrs 2230 hrs Day - 0430 hrs 1830 hrs Off peak - rest of the time
Peak
16
greener
Tips:
17
Monitor energy consumption Choose energy efficient appliances Replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lights Use less water Use window treatments to control heat loss & heat gain
proportional to I - large equipment are required high capital cost High capital cost for switch gears and cables Low lagging p.f. causes a large voltage drop - extra regulation equipment is required to maintain voltage drop Low efficiency
19
20
Static Capacitors
p.f. is varying with load Capacitor may result in over-correction To overcome automatic p.f. correction (control a no. of capacitors) No moving parts installation & maintenance is simple Little or no floor space is requires
21
Synchronous Motors
May be employed instead of a 3-phase IM By increasing the DC exciting current, the p.f. can be made to lead More expensive
Synchronous capacitors Only as a method of correcting the p.f. of other apparatus Not used to drive any machinery
22
Phase Advancer
Method of manipulating the phase angle Applied to large IMs A form of AC exciter, mounted on the motor shaft Inject current in the IM rotor circuit
23