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Interest Rates
Equivalence Calculations
Using spreatsheets
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3.1 Nominal & Effective Interest Rates Before discussing the conversion from nominal to effective rates, it is important to identify a stated rate as either nominal or effective. There are 3 general ways of expressing interest rates (See Table 3.1).
Example:
Interest is 12% per year Interest is 8% per year, compounded monthly Effctive Interest is 10% per year, compounded monthly
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These 3 statements in the top third of the table show that an interest rate can be stated over some designated time period without specifying the compounding period. Such interest rates are assumed to be effective rates with the compounding period (CP) same as that of the stated interest rate.
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The above interest statementsd prevail three conditions: (1) Compounding period is identified, (2) This compounding period is shorter than the time period over which the interest is stated, and (3) The interest rate is designated neither as nominal nor as effective. In such cases, the interest rate is assumed to be nominal and compounding period is equal to that which is stated.
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In above statements in Table 3.1, the word effective precedes or follows the specified, and the compounding period is also given. These interest rates are obviously effective rates over the respective time periods stated.
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Nominal and Effective Interest rates are common in business, finance, and engineering economy Each type must be understood in order to solve various problems where interest is stated in various ways.
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Nominal means, in name only, not the real rate in this case.
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3.2 Effective Interest Rate Formulation Mathematically we have the following definition: r= (interest rate per period)(No. of Periods) Examples: 1) 1.5% per month for 24 months Same as: (1.5%)(24) = 36% per 24 months 2) 1.5% per month for 12 months Same as (1.5%)(12 months) = 18%/year
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(3.1)
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Equation for converting a nominal Interest rate into an effective Interest rate is:
(2)
r = interest rate per period x number of periods, m = number of times interest is comounded = effective interst rate
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3.2 Example 1: Given: interest is 8% per year compounded quarterly. What is the true annual interest rate? Calculate: i = (1 + 0.08/4)4 1
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3.2 Example 2: Given: 18%/year, comp. monthly What is the true, effective annual interest rate? r = 0.18/12 = 0.015 = 1.5% per month. 1.5% per month is an effective monthly rate. The effective annual rate is:
i = er 1
Where r is the nominal rate of interest compounded continuously.
This is the max. interest rate for any value of r compounded continuously.
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3.2 Effective Interest Rate Formulation Example: What is the true, effective annual interest rate if the nominal rate is given as:
The 19.72% represents the MAXIMUM i for 18% compounded anyway you choose!
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3.2 Effective Interest Rate Formulation To find the equivalent nominal rate given the i when interest is compounded continuously, apply:
r ln(1 i)
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a. r/month = 0.18/12 = 1.5%/month Effective monthly rate is e0.015 1 = 1.511% b. The effective annual interest rate is e0.18 1 = 19.72% per year.
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er 1 = 0.15
er = 1.15
ln(er) = ln(1.15)
r = ln(1.15) = 0.1398 = 13.98%
A rate of 13.98% per year, cc. generates the same as 15% true effective annual rate.
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3.3 Reconciling Compounding periods & Payment Periods (PP) The concepts of nominal and effective Interest rates are introduced, considering the compounding period. Now, lets consider the frequency of the payments of receipts within the cash-flow time interval. For simplicity, the frequency of the payments or receipts is known as the payment period (PP). It is important to distinguish between the compounding period (CP) and the payment period because in many instances the two do not coincide.
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3.3 Reconciling Compounding periods & Payment Periods (PP) For example, if a company deposited money each month into an account that pays a nominal interest rate of 6% per year compounded semiannually, the payment period would be 1 month while the CP would be 6 months as shown in below Figure.
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3.3 Reconciling Compounding periods & Payment Periods (PP) So, to solve problems first step is to determine the relationship between the compounding period and the payment period. The next three sections deseribe procedures for determining the correct i and n values for use in formulas, factor tables, and spreadsheet functions. In general, there are three steps: 1. Compare the lengths of pp and CP. 2. Identify the CF series as involving only single amounts (P and F) or series amounts (A, G, or g). 3. Select the proper i and n values.
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3.4 Equivalence Calculations of Single Amount Factors There are many correct combinations of i and n that can be used when only single amount factors (F/P and P/F) are involved. This is because there are only two requirements: (1) An effective rate must be used for i, and (2) Time unit on n must be the same as that on i. In standard factor notation, the single-payment equations can be generalized. P= F(P/F, effective i per period, number of periods) F= P(F/P, effective i per period, number of periods) Thus, for a nominal interest rate of 12% per year compounded monthly, any of 24 / 54
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Let P = $1500.00 Find F at t = 2 years. 15% c.m. = 0.15/12 = 0.0125 = 1.25%/month. n = 2 years OR 24 months
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F24 = $1,500(F/P,0.15/12,24); i/month = 0.15/12 = 0.0125 (1.25%); F24 = $1,500(F/P,1.25%,24); F24 = $1,500(1.0125)24 = $1,500(1.3474); F24 = $2,021.03.
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F24 = $1,500(F/P,i%,2); Assume n = 2 (years) we need to apply an annual effective interest rate. i/month =0.0125 Effective I = (1.0125)12 1 = 0.1608 (16.08%) F2 = $1,500(F/P,16.08%,2) F2 = $1,500(1.1608)2 = $2,021.19 Slight roundoff compared to approach 1
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F 10 = ?
$1,000
$1,500
$3,000
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F 10 = ?
$1,000
$1,500
$3,000
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F 20 = ?
$1,000
$1,500
$3,000
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F 10 = ?
$1,000
$1,500
$3,000
IF n counts years, interest must be an annual rate. Eff. A = (1.06)2 - 1 = 12.36% Compute the FV where n is years and i = 12.36%!
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3.5 Equivalence Calculations Involving Series With PP >= CP When PP = CP or PP > CP, the following procedure always applies: Step 1. Count the number of payments and use that number as n. For example, if payments are made quarterly for 5 years, n is 20. Step 2. Find the effective interest rate over the same time period as n in step 1. For example, if n is expressed in quarters, then the effective interest rate per quarter must be used.
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F7 = ??
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3.5 Series Example Adjusting the interest r = 20%, c.q. i/qtr. = 0.20/4 = 0.05 = 5%/qtr. 2-qtrs in a 6-month period.
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3.5 This Example: Observations Interest rate must match the frequency of the payments. In this example we need effective interest per 6-months: Payments are every 6-months. The effective 6-month rate computed to equal 10.25% - un-tabulated rate. Calculate the F/A factor or interpolate.
Or, use a spreadsheet that can quickly determine the correct factor!
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3.5 This Example: Observations Do not attempt to adjust the payments to fit the interest rate! This is Wrong! At best a gross approximation do not do it!
You have to use your calculator to compute the factor or a spreadsheet model to achieve exact result.
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3.6 Equivalence Calculations Involving Series With PP < CP This situation is different than the last. Here, PP is less than the compounding period (CP). Raises questions? Issue of interperiod compounding
An example follows.
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3.6 Equivalence Calculations Involving Series With PP < CP Consider a one-year cash flow situation. Payments are made at end of a given month. Interest rate is r = 12%/yr, c.q.
$120 $90
$45
0 $150
5 $100
10
11
12
$75
$200
$50
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$90
$45 CP-1 0 $150 $200 1 2 3 CP-2 4 $75 5 $100 6 7 CP-3 8 9 CP-4 10 $50 11 12
Note where some of the cash flow amounts fall with respect to the compounding periods!
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3.6 Equivalence Calculations Involving Series With PP < CP Will any interest be earned/owed on the $120 $200 since interest is compounded at the end $90 of each quarter? $45
CP-1 0 $150 $200 1 2 3
The $200 is at the end of 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 month 2 and will 9 it earn $50 interest for one month to go $75 $100 to the end of the first compounding period?
The last month of the first compounding period. Is this an interest-earning period?
12
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3.6 Equivalence Calculations Involving Series With PP < CP The $200 occurs 1 month before the end of compounding period 1. Will interest be earned or charged on that $200 for the one month? If not then the revised cash flow diagram for all of the cash flows should look like..
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$45
0 $150
6 $100
10
11
12
$75
$200 $200
$50
$50
$175
All negative CFs move to the end of their respective quarters and all positive CFs move to the beginning of their respective quarters.
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0 $150
10
11
12
$50
$200
$175
Now, determine the future worth of this revised series using the F/P factor on each cash flow.
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3.6 Equivalence Calculations Involving Series With PP < CP With the revised CF compute the future worth.
r = 12%/year, compounded quarterly i = 0.12/4 = 0.03 = 3% per quarter
= $-357.59
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Therefore, in the second example of Figure 3.6 where effective quarterly rate is requested, enter the nominal rate per quarter (3.75%) to get an effective rate per quarter, and enter m = 3, since monthly compounding occurs 3 times in a quarter.
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Chapter Summary Many applications use and apply nominal and effective compounding Given a nominal rate must get the interest rate to match the frequency of the payments. Apply the effective interest rate per payment period. When comparing varying interest rates, must calculate the Effective i in order to compare.
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