ELECTRO-MECHANICAL HYBRID ENGINE

CREATED BY:209) NEEL DALAL 217) YAONIK HIMATRAMKA 220) KARTIK GOPALKRISHNAN 231) ISHAN PRATAP Under the guidance of Prof. Girish Bagale

INDEX
Introduction Structure of electro-mechanical hybrid car Configuration Working principal & Driving mechanism Efficiency of engines Uses Pros & cons Current availability

WHAT IS HYBRID TECHNOLOGY?

Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. In this hybrid method two kinds of energy sources are needed to power a car. Here some part of the waste energy is utilized to power the vehicle.

WHY ELECTRO-MECHANICAL HYBRID TECHNOLOGY?

The electro-mechanical hybrid car is a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car

Hike in oil prices and increased tail pipe emissions (pollution) are major problems faced. To minimize these troubles and to give better economic gains to Auto users.

 To reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. A car that burns twice as much gas to go a mile will generate approximately twice as much pollution.

So decreasing the fuel consumption of the car is one of the surest ways to decrease emissions. These vehicles have some additional features like Regenerative braking, Power Split Device compared to conventional cars Hybrid vehicles can reduce the dependency on gasoline.

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL HYBRID STRUCTURE

TYPES OF SYSTEM SERIESPARALLEL

SERIES

PARALLEL

SERIES SYSTYEM

ADVANTAGES The engine can be run at any point in its speed-torque range. There is much less complexity in the drive train as it is completely controlled by electric motors. No need for a drive shaft or differentials as each wheel could be potentially driven by its own motor

DISADVANTAGES Inefficiencies introduced by the conversion of energy from chemical (petroleum fuel) to electric (battery) to mechanical (wheels) Generator attached to the ICE adds additional weight and cost.

A larger electric motor must also be chosen

PARALLEL SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES weight savings - elimination of the generator

DISADVANTAGES Requires a much more robust engine that includes a more robust transmission.

A much simpler power converter can be used as few paths for electric power to flow.
At high constant speeds design acts similarly to a series platform.

In stop-and-go driving the parallel system becomes much less efficient.(As the engine will not be able to run at its top efficiency.)

SERIES-PARALLEL SYTEM

ADVANTAGES Can act like both a series or parallel system depending on the driving conditions. At high speeds the system will function in parallel. In slow or stop-and-go conditions the system will run in series most fuel efficient design.

DISADVANTAGES Higher complexity and cost. An generator is required in addition to a mechanical coupling system such as a differential.

Hybrid Car Configuration

 Gasoline engine - The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency. Fuel tank - The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries.

 Generator.- The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids. Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the fuel in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them. Transmission - The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids have conventional transmissions, others radically different ones.

 The "Power Split Device :The power split device is the heart of the hybrid car. This is a clever gearbox that hooks the gasoline engine, generator and electric motor together. It allows the car to operate like a parallel hybrid -- the electric motor can power the car by itself, the gas engine can power the car by itself or they can power the car together. The power split device also allows the car to operate like a series hybrid -- the gasoline engine can operate independently of the vehicle speed, charging the batteries or providing power to the wheels as needed. The power split device allows the generator to start the engine, the car does not need a starter

 Construction of the Power Split Device: The power split device is a planetary gear set . The electric motor is connected to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directly connected to the differential, which drives the wheels. So, whatever speed the electric motor and ring gear spin at determines the speed of the car. The generator is connected to the sun gear of the gear set, and the engine is connected to the planet carrier. The speed of the ring gear depends on all three components, so they all have to work together at all times to control the output speed.

Driving Mechanism
When you accelerate, initially the electric motor and batteries provide all of the power. The ring gear of the power split device is connected to the electric motor, so it starts to spin with the motor. The planet carrier, which is connected to the engine, is stationary because the engine is not running. Since the ring gear is spinning, the planets have to spin, which causes the sun gear and generator to spin. As the car accelerates, the generator spins at whatever speed it needs to in order for the engine to remain off. Once the car reaches a limit, the gasoline engine will turn on. The generator suddenly changes speed, causing the planet carrier to turn and start the engine. Once the engine is running, it settles into a constant speed while the generator varies its speed to match the output speed with the electric motor. If you are really accelerating hard, the motor will draw extra power from the batteries. Once you are up to freeway speed, the car will move under a combination of gas and electric power, with all of the electricity coming from the generator.

Working Of The Hybrid System

Hybrid System basically operating in Phases: Start/Stop - When we turn the ignition key of the Hybrid car, the electric motor comes to life. The electric motor, in turn, starts the gasoline engine. The car then performs a series of checks to determine if it can switch to electric-only operation: It checks to see if the batteries are charged, if the operating temperatures are okay and if interior climate control settings are in the appropriate range. If everything checks out, the engine will then shut off, leaving the car running under electric-only power. This process only takes a second or two. When we come to a stop in the Hybrid car, the gasoline engine actually shuts off. The car runs on electric-only while you're at a stoplight or waiting in line at the drivethru. The hybrid put a lot of effort into making the gasoline engine on-off cycles as smooth and seamless as possible.

Regenerative Braking - Whenever we apply the brakes on a car, the kinetic energy of the car's movement is dissipated as heat. In a hybrid car, the brakes take some of that energy and, using the electric motor as a generator, put power back into the batteries. This is why hybrids actually get better mileage in start/stop city driving than they do on open highways. Every red light recharges the batteries.

Principle: While decelerating shaft of motor rotates in opposite that of accelerating, thus working as generator. Generator captures breaking energy turns it to electric energy and stores it into batteries.

USES
TWO- WHEELED AND CYCLE TYPE VEHICLES Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider's muscles. In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. In a series hybrid bicycle the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals.

 HEAVY VEHICLES Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships. CRANES Rail power Technologies Corp. engineers working with in Vancouver, British Columbia are testing a hybrid diesel electric power unit with battery storage for use in Rubber Tyre Gantry (RTG) cranes. RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions were obtained.

 SUBMARINES Submarines are one of the oldest widespread applications of hybrid technology, running on diesel engines while surfaced and switching to battery power when submerged. This runs on batteries when submerged and the batteries can be re-charged by the diesel engine when the craft is on the surface.

MILITARY VEHICLES Since 1985, the U.S. military has been testing serial hybrid Humvees and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a stealth mode with low thermal signature, near silent operation, and greater fuel economy.

 ROAD TRANSPORT AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES Early hybrid systems are being investigated for trucks and other heavy highway vehicles with some operational trucks and buses starting to come into use. The main obstacles seem to be smaller fleet sizes and the extra costs of a hybrid system , but with the price of oil set to continue on its upward trend, the tipping point may be reached soon. Advances in technology , lowered battery cost and higher capacity etc. developed in the hybrid car industry are already filtering into truck use as Toyota, Ford, GM and others introduce hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced a hybrid-electric truck, that is competitive for city usage.

ADVANTAGES
LOWER EMISSIONS Standard vehicles emit carbon-based pollutants into the atmosphere that result from the combustion of gasoline in the internal engine. Hybrid cars, with their battery-powered motors that do not rely on gasoline for power, emit far fewer carbon-based emissions than standard cars. Carbon pollutants are a main cause of both city smog and global warming, thus making hybrid cars much more environmental friendly than their traditional counterparts. NOISE POLLUTION The electric motor on a hybrid car is virtually silent when powering a vehicle. On most models, the electric motor is the primary power source when a car is idling and at low speeds, giving hybrid owners a silent, smooth ride in urban and residential settings, two areas that benefit from reduced noise pollution levels.

 FUEL EFFICIENCY The electric motor in a hybrid vehicle shares the power responsibilities with the internal combustion engine, and often is the primary source of power at low speeds and during idling. This allows hybrid cars to use far less gasoline than traditional, comparable vehicles, giving hybrid car owners the financial benefit of spending less resources on the purchase of fuel than traditional car owners. A 2011 front-wheel-drive Ford Fusion with automatic transmission has a fuel economy rating of 23 miles per gallon in city driving and 30 in highway driving, according to Fueleconomy.gov. By contrast, the hybrid version of the same car gets 41 mpg in the city and 36 on the highway. That is a 20 percent increase in fuel efficiency for highway driving and a more than 75 percent increase for city driving.

 LONGER BATTERY LIFE The batteries of the electric motor get recharged themselves by utilizing the kinetic energy generated during braking which is otherwise is wasted in the form of heat. TAX CREDITS The U.S. government offers tax incentives for those interested in purchasing a hybrid vehicle. While the incentives differ depending upon the make, model and year of a given vehicle. LIGHT WEIGHT Built with lightweight materials, these engines are very compact in size. HEALTH BENEFITS Because hybrid engines burn less fossil fuel than regular engines, less pollution and exhaust is released into the air. Exhaust from a car can lead to damaged lungs and other illnesses that include bronchitis or emphysema.

DISADVANTAGES

The main disadvantage of hybrid cars is that the retail price is quite expensive. Only people who have enough money buy a hybrid car. HEAVY BATTERIES Hybrid cars are relatively heavy because of heavy batteries installed in the car. This is why hybrid car manufacturers integrates a smaller internal combustion engine and built with lightweight materials and should aerodynamics to maximize efficiency. This means that hybrid cars can never really go fast. COSTLY BATTERIES Replacing hybrid batteries may cost about $10,000. Large lead acid, and metal hydride batteries are not earth friendly.

 RISKY IN ACCIDENTS Hybrid cars are very risky in accidents. What makes a hybrid car work effectively is also what makes it risky if ever involved in an accident. This is because hybrid cars stores high amount of battery voltage. This means that there is a high chance to get electrocuted when you are involved in an accident. This also means that it is relatively difficult for rescuers to get the driver and passengers out of the hybrid car because of the danger of high voltage in the car.

WHATS AVAILABLE NOW

Three hybrid cars are now available - The Honda Civic Hybrid, the Honda Insight and the Toyota Prius. We will be discussing the latter two, and although both of these cars are hybrids, they are actually quite different in character. The Honda Insight, which was introduced in early 2000 in the United States, is designed to get the best possible mileage. The Insight is a small, lightweight two-seater with a tiny, highefficiency gas engine. The Toyota Prius, which came out in Japan, is designed to reduce emissions in urban areas. It meets California's super ultra low emissions vehicle (SULEV) standard. It is a four-door sedan that seats five, and is capable of accelerating the vehicle to speeds up to 15 mph (24 kph) on electric power alone. On looking at the advantages of hybrid engines. The Prius was honored as the North American Car of the Year.

 In the time that follows there will be a steep rise in the fuel prices. Also the fuel deposits are depleting at a very fast rate. Since hybrid engines use both electricity and fuel to work it thereby reduces the burden on fuels. The hybrid car produces less pollution and gives good mileage than electric car. So in the incoming years the hybrid car will become the most common vehicle in the world. Cost appears to be the main barrier obstructing the abundant use of hybrid engines. With the technological advancements, this drawback is expected to be eliminated in the coming years.