AUTONOMIC NERVUS SYSTEM (ANS)

Zahreni Hamzah Rahardyan Parnaadji

Lab. Fisiologi Bag Biomedik FKG Univ. Jember

How is the organization of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) different from that of the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Operates without conscious instruction Coordinates systems functions:
cardiovascular respiratory digestive urinary reproductive

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 Sistem ini merupakan sistem saraf eferen (motorik) yang mempersarafi organorgan dalam seperti otot-otot polos, otot jantung, dan berbagai kelenjar. Sistem ini juga melakukan fungsi kontrol, semisal: kontrol tekanan darah, sekresi gastrointestinal,pengosongan kandung kemih, proses berkeringat, suhu tubuh, dan beberapafungsi lain. Karakteristik utama SSO: kemampuan mempengaruhi yang sangat cepat (misal: dalam beberapa detik denyut jantung dapat meningkat, perubahan tekanan darah, berkeringat).

 Keterlibatan dengan SSP: Medulla spinalis bertanggung jawab untuk persarafan otonom yang memengaruhi sistem kardiovaskular dan respirasi Hipotalamus berfungsi : Mengintegrasikanpersarafan otonom, somatik, dan hormonal (endokrin) dan emosi serta tingkah laku Misal: seseorang yang marah meningkatkan denyut jantung,tekanan darah, dan laju respirasi.

ANS in the Nervous System

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 Refleks visceral, sama seperti refleks somatik lainnya, terdiri atas komponen reseptor, integrasi, dan efektor.
Pembeda refleks visceral dengan refleks somatik: Informasi reseptor refleks visceral diterima secara bawah-sadar (subconscious). Misal: Pembuluh darah melebar (kulit yang kemerahan). Pupil mata melebar.

 PERJALANAN SSO DIMULAI DARI PERSARAFAN SSP:

Neuron (orde pertama) berada di SSP (sisi lateral medullaspinalis dan di batang otak) > preganglionic fiber. Serabut ini bersinaps dengan badan sel neuron orde kedua yang terletak di dalam ganglion. Serabut pascaganglion menangkap sinyal dari serabut preganglion melalui neurotransmiter yang dilepaskan oleh serabut preganglion. (Ganglion: kumpulan badan sel yang terletak di luar SSP). Akson neuron orde kedua (postganglionic fiber) menuju organ yang akan diinervasi. Organ efektor menerima impuls melalui pelepasan neurotransmiter oleh serabut pascaganglion.

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

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Organization Similarities of SNS and ANS

Are efferent divisions Carry motor commands:
SNS controls skeletal muscles ANS controls visceral effectors

Motor neurons synapse on visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia Ganglionic neurons control visceral effectors
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Organization Similarities of SNS and ANS

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Neurotransmitters and Receptors

Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) are the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS ACh is released by all preganglionic axons and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons Cholinergic fibers ACh-releasing fibers Adrenergic fibers sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE Neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor type
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Pelepasan Neurotransmitter
Serabut preganglion parasimpatis melepaskan neurotransmitter asetilkolin (ACh) yang ditangkap oleh reseptor kolinergik nikotinik badan sel pascaganglion. Efek dari penangkapan ACh oleh reseptor nikotinik menyebabkan pembukaan kanal ion nonspesifik, menyebabkan influx terutama ion Na+
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 Setelah itu, serabut pascaganglion parasimpatis juga menghasilan asetilkolin yang ditangkap oleh reseptor kolinergik muskarinik yang terdapat di semua organ efektor parasimpatis. Penempelan Ach dapat menginhibisi atau mengeksitasi organ efektor.

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Pelepasan Neurotransmitter
Serabut preganglion simpatis melepaskan neurotransmitter ACh yang ditangkap oleh reseptor nikotinik yang berada di badan sel neuronpascaganglion. Serabut pascaganglion melepaskan noradrenalin (atau norepinefrin) dan ditangkap oleh reseptor adrenergik.

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Differences between SANS and PANS

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What are the divisions and functions of the ANS?

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 Sympathetic Division :
Kicks in only during exertion, stress, or emergency

Parasympathetic Division :
Controls during resting conditions

2 divisions may work independently:

some structures innervated by only 1 division

2 divisions may work together:

each controlling one stage of a complex process
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 Divisi parasimpatis cenderung mengatur organ efektor dalam keadaan rest-anddigest, yakni ketika tubuh berada dalam keadaan tenang,relaks, kondisi yang tidak mengancam, atau dalam keadaan pembersihan dan pemulihan tubuh ( general housekeeping).

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Parasympathetic Division Outflow

Cranial Outflow Cranial Nerve
Occulomotor (III)

Ganglion
Ciliary

Effector Organ(s)
Eye

Hypothalamic Control

Facial (VII)

Pterygopalatin Submandibular Glossopharyngeal Otic (IX) Vagus (X) Located within the walls of target organs Located within the walls of the target organs
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Salivary, nasal, and lacrimal glands Parotid salivary glands Heart, lungs, and most visceral organs Large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs
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Sacral Outflow

S2-S4

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Visceral Reflexes

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What are the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic division?

SANS

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Sympathetic Receptors
Sympathetic Receptors
Alpha receptors Beta receptors

Norepinephrine stimulates alpha receptors to greater degree than beta receptors Epinephrine stimulates both classes of receptors. Sympathetic postganglionic Fibers
Mostly adrenergic (release NE) A few cholinergic (release ACh)
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Alpha () Receptors
(activated by enzymes on inside of cell membrane)

Reseptor -1 More common type of alpha receptor Releases intracellular calcium ions from reserves in endoplasmic reticulum Has excitatory effect on target cell
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Reseptor -2 Lowers cAMP levels in cytoplasm Has inhibitory effect on the cell Helps coordinate sympathetic and parasympathetic activities

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Beta () Receptors
Affect membranes in many organs (skeletal muscles, lungs, heart, and liver) Trigger metabolic changes in target cell Changes occur indirectly Each is a G protein Stimulation increases intracellular cAMP levels Beta-1 (1) - Increases metabolic activity Beta-2 (2)

Causes inhibition Triggers relaxation of smooth muscles along respiratory tract Is found in adipose tissue Leads to lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes Releases fatty acids into circulation
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Beta-3 (3)

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Adrenal Medulla
Preganglionic fibers entering adrenal gland proceed to center (adrenal medulla) Modified sympathetic ganglion Preganglionic fibers synapse on neuroendocrine cells Specialized neurons secrete hormones into bloodstream

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7 Responses to Increased Sympathetic Activity

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Heightened mental alertness Increased metabolic rate Reduced digestive and urinary functions Energy reserves activated Increased respiratory rate and respiratory passageways dilate 6. Increased heart rate and blood pressure 7. Sweat glands activated
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What are the structures and functions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

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Parasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers originate in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord Synapse in ganglia close to (or within) target organs Preganglionic fibers are long Postganglionic fibers are short

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Parasympathetic Activation
Centers on relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption Localized effects, last a few seconds at most

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Parasympathetic Receptors
Action of Nicotinic Receptors
Exposure to ACh causes excitation of ganglionic neuron or muscle fiber Open chemically gated channels in postsynaptic membrane

Action of Muscarinic Receptors

Can be excitatory or inhibitory Effects are longer lasting than nicotinic receptors
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10 Effects of Parasympathetic Activation

1. Constriction of pupils:

restricts light entering eyes

exocrine and endocrine

2. Secretion by digestive glands:

3. Secretion of hormones 4. Changes in blood flow and glandular activity:

associated with sexual arousal along digestive tract

5. Increases smooth muscle activity:

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10 Effects of Parasympathetic Activation 6. Defecation:

stimulation and coordination

7. Contraction of urinary bladder:

during urination

8. Constriction of respiratory passageways 9. Reduction in heart rate:

and force of contraction

10. Sexual arousal:

stimulation of sexual glands
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Parasympathetic division
The parasympathetic division release ACh Body wall and skeletal muscles are not innervated by parasympathetic division Both NE and ACh needed to regulate visceral functions

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Responses

Structure Sympathetic Stimulation Parasympathetic Stimulation

Iris (eye muscle)

Salivary Glands Heart Lung Stomach Kidney Bladder
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Pupil dilation
Saliva production reduced Heart rate and force increased

Pupil constriction
Saliva production increased Heart rate and force decreased

Bronchial muscle relaxed Bronchial muscle contracted Peristalsis reduced Decreased urine secretion Wall relaxed Sphincter closed Gastric juice secreted; motility increased Increased urine secretion Wall contracted Sphincter relaxed

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