Class 8

Carsons Equations
Work Exam 1
General Flux Linkages
D
in
2
D
i2
D
i1
O
1
O
n
O
2
O
i
O
n
O
2
O
1
1
i
n
General Flux Linkage
Equation
1 2
0
i n
I I I I + + + =
7
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
2 10 ( ln ln ln ln )
i i n
i i i in
I I I I
D D GMR D

= + + + W-T/m
where: D
in
= Distance between conductor i and conductor n (ft.)
GMR
i
= Geometric Mean Distance of conductor i (ft.)
General Self and Mutual
Inductance (H/m)
7
7
1
2 10 ln
1
2 10 ln
ii
ii
i i
in
in
n in
L
I GMR
L
I D

= =
= =
Transposed Three-Phase Lines
1. Assumptions
- Transposition
- Balanced three-phase currents
Series Impedance:
0.12134 ln
eq
i i
i
D
z r j
GMR
= +
O/mile
Self and Mutual Impedance
1
0.12134 ln
1
0.12134 ln
ii
i
i
ij
ij
z r j
GMR
z j
D
= +
=
Two Conductors with
Dirt Return
I
i
I
d
I
j
+
-
V
ig
+
-
V
jg
ground
z
ii
z
jj
z
ij
z
id
z
jd z
dd
Primitive Circuit and
Impedances
I
i
I
j
+
-
V
ig
+
-
V
jg
ground
z
ii
z
jj
z
ij
V'
ig
+
+
V'
jg
- -
1
0.12134 ln ln
1
0.12134 ln ln
id di
ii
d i
i d
di jd
ij
d
ij d
D D
z r r j
GMR GMR
D D
z r j
D GMR
| |

= + + +
|
\ .
| |

= + + |
|
\ .
Carsons Full Equations
S
nn
S
nm
D
nm
m
m'
n
n'
- 0
nm
4 2 ln 4
4 2 ln 4
ii
ii
i ii i ii
i
ij
ij
ij ij
ij
S
z r P G j X G Q G
RD
S
z P G j G Q G
D
e e e
e e e
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
| |
= + + |
|
\ .
e = 2tf = system angular frequency in radians per second
G = 0.1609347 x 10
-3
O/mile
RD
i
= radius of conductor i in feet
GMR
i
= Geometric mean radius of conductor i in feet
f = system frequency in Hertz
= resistivity of earth in O-meters
D
ij
= distance between conductors i and j in ft. (see Figure4.4)
S
ij
= distance between conductor i and image j in ft. (see Figure 4.4)
u
ij
= angle between a pair of lines drawn from conductor i to its own
image and to the image of conductor
2 ln
i
i
i
RD
X G
GMR
e = O/mile
( ) ( )
2
1 2
cos cos 2 0.6728 ln
8 16
3 2
ij
ij ij ij ij
ij
k
P k
k
t
u u
| |
= + + |
|
\ .
( )
1 2 1
0 0386
2
3 2
ij ij ij
ij
Q . ln k cos
k
u = + +
4
8.565 10
ij ij
f
k S

=
Assumptions
2 ln
i
i
i
RD
X G
GMR
e = O/mile
8
ij
P
t
=
1 2
0 0386
2
ij
ij
Q . ln
k
= +
4
8.565 10
ij ij
f
k S

=
Modified Carsons Equations
(after lots of algebra)
Assuming:
f = frequency = 60 Hertz
= earth resistivity = 100 Ohm-meter
1
0.09530 0.12134 ln 7.93402
ii
i
i
z r j
GMR
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
O/mile
1
0.09530 0.12134 ln 7.93402
ij
ij
z j
D
| |
= + + |
|
\ .
O/mile
Comparing Equations
1
0.12134 ln ln
1
0.12134 ln ln
1
0.09530 0.12134 ln 7.93402
1
0.09530 0.12134 ln 7.93402
id dj
ii
i d
i d
di jd
ij
d
ij d
ii
i
i
ij
ij
D D
z r r j
GMR GMR
D D
z r j
D GMR
z r j
GMR
z j
D

| |
= + + +
|
\ .
| |

= + + |
|
\ .
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
| |
= + + |
|
\ .
Four-Wire Grounded Wye
V'
bg
V'
ag
V'
cg
V
ag
V
bg
V
cg
+
+
+
+
+
+
V
ng
+
- - - -
V'
ng
+
-
- - -
z
aa
z
bb
z
cc
z
nn
z
ab
z
bn
z
an
z
bc
z
cn
z
ac
I
a
I
b
I
n
I
c
'
'
'
'
ag ag
aa ab ac an
a
bg bg
ba bb bc bn b
c cg cg
ca cb cc cn
n
ng ng
na nb nc nn
V V
z z z z
I
V V
z z z z I
I V V
z z z z
I
V V
z z z z
(
( (
(
(
( (
(
(
( (
(
= +
(
( (
(
(
( (
(
(
( (



Kron Reduction
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
1
0 0
abc an
abcg abcg
abc
n m
n
na nn
abcg abcg abc an nn na abc
n m
z z
V V
I
I
z z
V V z z z z I

(
( (

= +
( (

| |
( ( ( (
( (
= +
|


\ .
General Three-Phase Line
Zca
Zbc
Zab
Zaa
Zbb
Zcc
Ia
Ib
Ic
+
+
- - -
+
Vbg
Vcg
Vag
+
+
+
- - -
Vcg
Vbg
Vag
Node n
Node m
n
n
n
m
m
m
ag ag
aa ab ac a
bg bg ba bb bc b
ca cb cc c
cg cg
n m
V V
Z Z Z I
V V Z Z Z I
Z Z Z I
V V
( (
( (
( (
( (
= +
( (
( (
( (
( (

( (

ij ij
Z z length =
Work Carsons Example
Homework #5
4.1
4.2
4.3