Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
Call is transmitted through several frequencies in order to average the interference (interference diversity) minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
F1 F2 F3
Time
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Fading
Slow fading Fast fading
Mobile station
Base station
distance
-70 dBm
dBm
-90
-110
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
F1 F2 F3
MS Location
Distance
Bursts sent on frequency F2 are degraded or lost, but the initial signal may still be reconstructed from the bursts on frequencies F1 and F3.
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Interference
No hopping F1
Interference
F1
With hopping
F3
F1
F1 F2 F 2 F3 F2 F 3
F2
F3
average
MS_1 MS_2
5 NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
MS_3
MS_1
MS_2
MS_3
average weakest interference no FH FH with improved quality FH with tighter frequency reuse
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
FH Implementation
TRX-1
BB-FH
F1(+ BCCH)
F2
TRX-3
Frequency
F3 RF
F1 F2 F3
Time
PSTN
MSC
Dig.
BSC TCSM
TRX-1
RF-FH
TRX-2
Dig.
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Baseband Hopping hoppingSequenceNumber1 (TS 0) 0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom) hoppingSequenceNumber2 (TS 1 ... 7) 0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
BB hopping management
BCCH timeslot, does not hop.
RTSL-0 RTSL-1 RTSL-2 RTSL-3 RTSL-4 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
BCCH 0 1 2
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
f1 f2 f3 f4
Timeslot 0 of TRXs 2-4 hop over MA(f2,f3,f4). This hopping group uses HSN-1
All timeslots 1-7 hop over MA(f1,f2,f3,f4). This hopping group uses HSN-2
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
TCH-1 (MAIO 0)
TCH-2 (MAIO 1) TCH-3 (MAIO 2)
MAI : 0
1 2
2 0 1
0 1 2
1 2 0
2 0 1
MA list MAI
f1 0
f2 1
f3 2
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS using GSM hopping algorithm and MA/HSN/FN parameters N = length of MA list
10
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
mobileAllocationList
1 ... GSM: 1..124 and 975..1023, 0 GSM 1800: 512..885 GSM 1900: 512..810 Note! Max. 63 Frequencies mobileAllocationId 1 128 usedMobileAllocation 1 128 hoppingSequenceNumber1 0 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
11
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
RF hopping management
BCCH TRX, does not hop.
RTSL-0 RTSL-1 RTSL-2 RTSL-3 RTSL-4 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
BCCH 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
MA = {f1}
HSN-1
MAIOs have to be different for different TRXs within the same hopping group -> no collisions.
12
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
TCH-1 (MAIO 0)
TCH-2 (MAIO 1)
MAI / freq. : 0 / f1
1 / f2
2 / f3 0 / f1
0 / f1 1 / f2
1 / f2 2 / f3
2 / f3 0 / f1
MA list MAI
f1 0
f2 1
f3 2
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS using GSM hopping algorithm and MA/HSN/FN parameters N = length of MA list
13
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
MAIO TRX-1
TRX-2
BCCH
TCH TCH TCH BCCH TCH TCH
0 1 2 3
f1
BTS-1
3
TRX-3 TRX-4 TRX-5 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12
f2
(sector 2)
TRX-6
BTS-2
3 TRX-7
4
5 6 7 8 f3
TRX-8
TRX-9
(sector 3)
TCH
BCCH TCH TCH TCH
BTS-3
14
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
1 (1)
Sector HN S 1 N
MAIO-offset 0
MAIO-step 2
TRX TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4 TRX-5 TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8 TRX-9 TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12
MAIO value for all RTSLs BCCH, not allowed to hop MAIO=0 MAIO=2 MAIO=4 BCCH, not allowed to hop MAIO=6 MAIO=8 MAIO=10 BCCH, not allowed to hop MAIO=12 MAIO=14 MAIO=16
Value 1..62
12
1..62
15
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
16
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Sector
1 1
HSN
MAIO Offset
MAIO step
TRX
TRX-1
0
2 4 BCCH, not hopping
2 2 N
TRX-5
6
8 10
3
3 N
TRX-9
12
12
14 16
Nor co-channels neither adj. channels used simultaneouly if number of frequencies > 2*number of TRXs
MA list
MA list
MA list and BCCH need planning MA list possibly shorter -> reduced gain
18
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
One MA list per site One MA list can contain a continuous band No risk of co-channel nor adjacent channel being used simultaneously within a site Single MA/HSN possible -> only BCCH frequency planning More tighter reuse possible e.g. RF-FH (1/1) and thus more capacity can be achieved
19
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
MaioStep
UnderlayMaioStep BackgroundMaioStep BackgroundUnderlayMaioStep
1..62
1..62 1..62 / ND 1..62 / ND
20
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3 1 3
2 3 2
9 9
3
3
3 1 2
3 3
6
2
TDMA frame n
F6
F5
F9
F3 F9 F3 F6 F5 F7 F5 F2
F8
F8
F2 F3 F6 F9
F1
F4 F7
F3
F6 F9
F6 F9 F3 F1
F2 F8 F4 F7 F3 F6
F1
F4
Time
F9
As the hopping is random and sites not synchronised, adjacent channels are used at times in neighbouring sites
22 NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Random:
23
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Hard/soft blocking
Hard blocking The whole radio resource is in use - no more calls can be established due to lack of free radio timeslots.
Dominates with large reuse factors
Soft blocking The capacity of individual cells is limited by the level of the interference rather than the number of TRXs available
Is dominating with tight reuse patterns.
24
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Frequency load, RF FH
75 % 25 % HW load is 75% Fractional load FL is 3 TRX / 5 F = 0.6 = 60% Frequency load is HWL * FL = 45% 0 0 1 2 f1 f2, f3, f4, f5, f6 f3, f4, f5, f6, f2 f4, f5, f6, f2, f3
BCCH 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
Active slots
Empty slots
25
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
TRX-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency Load
frequency 1: 17 active slots / 5 frames 40 slots totally / 5 frames frequency load is 17/40 = 42.5 %
TRX-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Active slots
Empty slots
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 frame 1 frame 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 time
26
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
3 1
4
3 1 2 1 3 1
2 4 3 1 3
1 2 5 4 7 2 3 6
7 2
1 5
1
1
3
1 2
4 3
2
2
4
4 7 3
FAR
8%
30%
~40%
~70%
27
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN