FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 1.

It provides for the internal support of the body and for the attachment of muscles and tendons essential for locomotion. 2. It protects the vital organs of the cranial and of the abdominal cavities; 3. It encloses the blood-forming elements of the bone marrow; 4. It plays an important metabolic role as a mobilizable store of calcium, which can be drawn on as needed in the homoeostatic regulation of the concentration of this important ion in the blood and other body fluids.

2 Types of Bone
Spongy Bone/Cancellous Bone (Substantia Spongiosa) - Consists of a three dimensional lattice of branching bony spicules or trabeculae that are occupied by bone marrow

Compact Bone (Substantia Compacta) - Appears to be solid continuous mass in which spaces can only be seen with the aid of a microscope.

Gross Structure of a Typical Long Bone

Epiphysis found on either end of the diaphysis consists of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone Epiphyseal plate a region of mitotic activity responsible for linear growth. Metaphysis funnel-shaped region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis (transitional region) Diaphysis shaft of a long bone that contains the medullary cavity lined with the thin layer of CT, the endosteum.

Periosteum a layer of specialized connective tissues, which is endowed with osteogenic potency and has the ability to form bone a. Absent on the areas covered with articular cartilage b. Absent where tendons and ligaments insert into bones and on the surface of the patella and other sesamoid bones that are formed within tendons Endosteum the inner lining of the bone. It lines the marrow cavity of the diaphysis and the cavities within the spongy bone.. It also possesses osteogenic properties.

Mesenchyme

Fibroblast Scleroblast Myoblast

Osteoblast

Chondroblast

Odontoblast Ameloblast

Bone

Cartilage

Dentin

Enamel

Modes of Histogenesis
Intramembranous Ossification -Type of bone formation bone is formed directly in primitive connective tissue e.g. Cranial bones such as the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal bones (Membrane Bones) Endochondral Ossification -Bone formation takes place in preexisting cartilage e.g. Bones of the vertebral column, pelvis and the extremities (Replacement /Cartilage Bones)

OSTEOGENIC CELLS Osteoblast principal bone-building cells that synthesize collagenous fibers and bone matrix and promote mineralization during ossification Osteocyte bone cells Osteoclast bone-resorbing cells that contain lysosomes and phagocytic cells. These are bone-destroying cells that demineralize bone tissue

CARTILAGE VS BONE
CARTILAGE Sulfated mucopolysaccharide Has no canaliculi Cells are called chondrocytes Perichondrium BONE Hydroxyapatite crystal [3Ca3 (PO4)2 Ca(OH)2] Contains canaliculi Cells and called osteocytes Periosteum

2 types of growth Appositional growth Interstitial growth Types of Cartilage Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic Calcified Cartilage

2 types of growth Intramembranous growth Endochondral growth Types of Bones Compact and spongy Membrane and replacement

TENDONS structures that connect muscles to bones

LIGAMENTS structures that connect a bone to another bone APONEUROSES tendons or ligaments that are wide and flat. JOINT/ARTHROSIS site where two bones or cartilages meet Types of Joints a. DIARTHROSES freely movable joints b. AMPHIARTHROSES slightly movable joints c. SYNARTHROSES immovable joints

FIBROUS JOINTS articulating bones joined by fibrous connective tissues Sutures Frequently serrated edges of articulating bones separated by thin layer of fibrous tissue Sutures of the skull

Syndesmoses

Articulating bones bound by interosseus ligaments

Teeth bound into alveoli bone

Joints between tibia-fibula and radius-ulna

Teeth secured into alveoli (sockets)

Gomphoses

FIBROUS JOINTS articulating bones joined by fibrous connective tissues Sutures Frequently serrated edges of articulating bones separated by thin layer of fibrous tissue Sutures of the skull Synarthroses

Syndesmoses

Articulating bones bound by interosseus ligaments

Teeth bound into alveoli bone

Joints between tibia-fibula and radius-ulna

Teeth secured into alveoli (sockets)

Gomphoses

FIBROUS JOINTS articulating bones joined by fibrous connective tissues Sutures Frequently serrated edges of articulating bones separated by thin layer of fibrous tissue Sutures of the skull Synarthroses

Syndesmoses

Articulating bones bound by interosseus ligaments

Teeth bound into alveoli bone

Joints between tibia-fibula and radius-ulna

Teeth secured into alveoli (sockets)

Amphiarthroses

Gomphoses

FIBROUS JOINTS articulating bones joined by fibrous connective tissues Sutures Frequently serrated edges of articulating bones separated by thin layer of fibrous tissue Sutures of the skull Synarthroses

Syndesmoses

Articulating bones bound by interosseus ligaments

Teeth bound into alveoli bone

Joints between tibia-fibula and radius-ulna

Teeth secured into alveoli (sockets)

Amphiarthroses

Gomphoses

Synarthroses

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS articulating bones joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage Symphyses Articulating bones Intervertebral separated by pad of joints; symphysis fibrocartilage pubis and sacroiliac joint Mitotically active hyaline cartilage between bones Epiphyseal plates within long bones

Synchondroses

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS articulating bones joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage Symphyses Articulating bones Intervertebral separated by pad of joints; symphysis fibrocartilage pubis and sacroiliac joint Mitotically active hyaline cartilage between bones Epiphyseal plates within long bones Amphiarthroses

Synchondroses

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS articulating bones joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage Symphyses Articulating bones Intervertebral separated by pad of joints; symphysis fibrocartilage pubis and sacroiliac joint Mitotically active hyaline cartilage between bones Epiphyseal plates within long bones Amphiarthroses

Synchondroses

Synarthroses

SYNOVIAL JOINTS joint capsule containing synovial membrane and synovial fluid Gliding Flattened or slightly curved articulating surfaces Concave surface of one bone articulates with convex surface of another Conical surface of one bone articulates with depression of another Intercarpal and intertarsal joints Knee joint; elbow joint; joints of phalanges Atlantoaxial joint; proximal radioulnar joint

Hinge

Pivot

Condyloid

Oval condyl of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another

Concave and convex surface on each articulating bone Rounded convex surface of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of another

Radiocarpal joint

Saddle

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Shoulder and hip joints

Ball-and-Socket

SYNOVIAL JOINTS joint capsule containing synovial membrane and synovial fluid Gliding Flattened or slightly curved articulating surfaces Concave surface of one bone articulates with convex surface of another Conical surface of one bone articulates with depression of another Intercarpal and intertarsal joints Diarthroses

Hinge

Knee joint; elbow Diarthroses joint; joints of phalanges Atlantoaxial joint; Diarthroses proximal radioulnar joint

Pivot

Condyloid

Oval condyl of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another

Concave and convex surface on each articulating bone Rounded convex surface of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of another

Radiocarpal joint

Diarthroses

Saddle

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Shoulder and hip joints

Diarthroses

Ball-and-Socket

Diarthroses