ASE324L: Aerospace Materials Laboratory

Lecture 3: Elasticity and Plasticity

Rui Huang
Dept of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics
The University of Texas at Austin

Spring 2012
Linear elasticity
Hookes law
Uniaxial tension/compression


Pure shear


Hydrostatic pressure
E
o
c =
vc c = '
G
t
=
E: Youngs modulus
v: Poissons ratio
G: shear modulus
K: bulk modulus
K
p
= A
p
Relations among elastic moduli
For isotropic materials



Most materials are anisotropic, i.e., the elastic moduli
are different at different directions. In general, there
can be as many as 21 independent elastic moduli for
anisotropic materials, depending on the symmetry of
the atomic structure.
) 1 ( 2 v +
=
E
G
) 2 1 ( 3 v
=
E
K
(Only two independent)
Youngs moduli of some materials
Diamond (C): 1000 GPa
Tungsten (W): 380-411 GPa
Alumina (Al
2
O
3
): 385-392 GPa
Silicon nitride (Si
3
N
4
): 280-310 GPa
Nickel (Ni): 214 GPa
Iron (Fe): 196 GPa
Steels: 190-210 GPa
Copper (Cu): 124 GPa
Silicon (Si): 107 GPa
Silica glass (SiO
2
): 94 GPa
Gold (Au): 82 GPa
Aluminum and alloys (Al): 69-79 GPa
Concrete/cement: 30-50 GPa
Ice: 9.1 GPa
Nylon: 2-4 GPa
Rubber: 0.001-0.1 GPa
Stiff
Compliant
Youngs modulus density charts
Beyond elasticity
All solid materials have an elastic limit (in terms of
strain or stress)
Brittle materials (e.g., ceramics and glasses) fracture
Ductile materials (e.g., metals) deform plastically.
o
c
fracture
o
c
o
Y

Plastic deformation
Brittle Ductile
Plasticity
Irreversible deformation
Yielding: onset of plastic deformation
Yield strength or offset yield strength
o
c
o
0.2%

Plastic strain
o
c
o
Y

0
0.2%
Perfectly Plastic Flow
At the yield stress, the solid flows like a liquid.
No volume change during plastic flow (v = 0.5).
o
o
Y

c
0
1
E
Plastic flow
unload
reload
Strain Hardening
Further straining (plastically) requires larger stress
o
c
o
c
p
c
e

p e
c c c + =
E
e
o
c =
n
p
H
/ 1
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
c
Power-law hardening
n
p e
H E c c o = =
n: hardening exponent
H: hardening modulus
Material strengthened after plastic deformation!
Hardening exponent
Power-law hardening:
n
p e
H E c c o = =
o log
c log
1
1
1
n
e
c p
c
p e
c c c + =
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is a trademark
used herein under license.
Necking Instability
Engineering stress-strain curve reaches a maximum
Ultimate tensile strength o
UTS
Ductility c
f
c
f

fracture
Onset of necking
Toughness
Resistance to fracture
Work per unit volume till fracture
}
=
f
d T
c
c o
0
o
c

c
f

Hot rolled Steel
o
c
o
YU

o
YL

Linear elastic
Stable necking (Luders bands)
Strain hardening
Unstable necking

Fracture
o
UTS

c
f
0
Cold rolled steel
Higher strength, but lower ductility and toughness
o
c
o
Y

Linear elastic

c
f

0
Higher strength due to hardening
Permanent
deformation by
cold rolling