What is a system?

In the field of engineering , anything comprising of

Inputs >= zero Outputs>=zero And having conversion of energy from one form to the another E.g. A ceiling fan

Black box/White box

E.g. A ceiling fan

Switch ON/OFF

Electrical to Mechanical Energy

The Fan moves.

Embedded system example as a black box A TV remote

Button pressed to increase volume Volume changed

Some process

 The Definition
Communication is a process whereby information is

enclosed in a package and is channelled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a feedback. All forms of communication require a sender, a message, and an intended recipient. So Boring NA..

I like it this way

 Communication requires language

For a machine to understand us we need each other to

know our language.well we create a machine we create its language.simple Thats what the scientists/engineers of modern times did. They created machines and their language.

 Earlier people used gears , shafts, levers etc. as a kind

of a ways to communicate with the machine

 Then someone discovered electricity and ways to use it

and then came the new language of ON/OFF E.g. A Bulb this time(Edison would be so happy. ) Switch ON Light Switch OFF No Light

 Now someone thought why not we use numbers to

communicate with the machines Let us study a bit on the number systems

Number System
Decimal Number System We have ten fingers.so we used them to count.
Digits from 0-9

Binary Number system

Assume someone has only two fingers what would he do

Octal Number system

0-7 Hexadecimal Number system 0-F

 Decimal we all know.. Decimal to binary

5710 = (?)2 111001 Binary to Decimal (1100101)2 = (?)10

1 x 26 + 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 101 10

Dec

Hex

Oct

Bin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

 Octal to Binary and Vice versa

101110.01112 Make a group of three..L to R for left of decimal and R to L for right of decimal..use the table and convert 56.348

 Hexa to Binary and vice versa

101110.01112 Make a group of four now..L to R for left of decimal and R to L for right of decimal..add in zeros if needed use the table and convert E2.716

 You can try out these conversions and should be able

to have a command over this topic as it is the language with which we interact with machines Some resources/links:

Boolean Algebra
Boolean algebra, developed in 1854 by George Boole in his book An

Investigation of the Laws of Thought.

Transistor

Logic Gate Digital Circuits