Introduction to SDH

28th Feb 09

The Telephone System

ANALOGUE

DIGITAL

ANALOGUE

Pulse Code Modulation

The basis of analog to digital conversion is Shannons theory.The theory states that after transmission the original signal can be reproduced within certain limits from digital signal obtained by Sampling an analog at regular intervals and at a rate at least twice the highest significant message frequency. The PCM Consists of 3 steps. Sampling Quantization Coding

Sampling

T1

T2

T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Audio Signal
time

Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal
1. 2.
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
time

Voice Frequency 4 KHz Sampling 4 KHz * 2 = 8 KHz

Quantization & Encoding

Quantizing = Amplitude is given a certain value. Encoding = 8 KHz * 8 = 64 KHz

2Mb Frame Structure

Signaling

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

32channels/ slots
0

Each channel is of 64Kb/s

32 * 64 KHz = 2.048 Mb/s Capacity = 30 Base Channels

Transmission Types
Asynchronous Plesiochronous Synchronous

PDH

If two digital signals are plesiochoronous then their transitions occur at almost the same rate, with any variation being constrained within tight limits. Although this clocks are extremely accurate, there is a difference between one clock and the other.

PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

2048 kbit/s
1

64 kbit/s Data Signals

8448 kbit/s
1

30

DSMX 64k/2
1 30

34 368 kbit/s
1

139264 kbit/s

PCMX 30
1 5
4

DSMX 34/140

PCMX 30

DSMX 8/34 Channel Capacity: 64 x 30 = 1920

64 30

DSMX 2/8

PDH Hierarchies
PDH Transmission Rates
Hierarchica l Level
0 1 2 3 4

American DS-x
64 1544 6312 44736 139264

European CEPT-x
64 2048 8448 34368 139264

Japanese
64 1544 6312 32064 97728

International
64 2048 6312 44736 139264

Disadvantages of PDH
Plesiochronous Hierarchy based on 2Mbps primary rates permits multiplexing up to 140Mbps respectively. Changing from one hierarchical level to another requires additional equipment. There is no definition of bit rates greater than 140 Mbit/s There are different hierarchies in use around the world.

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Advantages of SDH
Need for extensive network management capability within the hierarchy. Standard interfaces between equipment. Need for inter-working between north American and European systems. Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed signal. Standardization of equipment management process.

COMPARISION OF SDH / PDH

PDH The reference clock is not synchronized throughout the network Multiplexing / Demultiplexing operations have to be performed from one level to the next level step by step. SDH The reference clock is synchronized throughout the network. The synchronous multiplexing results in simple access to SDH system has consistent frame structures throughout the hierarchy. The payload is transparent SDH system has consistent frame structures throughout the hierarchy. Digital cross- connections are provided at different signal levels and in different ways on NMS

The payload is not transparent. PDH system has different frame structures at different hierarchy levels. Physical cross-connections on the same level on DDF are forced if any

PDH G.702 specifies maximum 45Mpbs & 140Mpbs & no higher order (faster) signal structure is not specified PDH system does not bear capacity to transport B-ISDN signals. Few services are available Limited amount of extra capacity for user / management Bit - by - bit stuff multiplexing

SDH G.707 specified the first level of SDH.That is, STM-1, Synchronous Transport Module 1st Order & higher. (STM1,STM-4,STM-16, STM-64) SDH network is designed to be a transport medium for B-ISDN, namely ATM structured signal. It will transport variety of services. It will transport service bandwidths Sufficient number of OHBs is available Byte interleaved synchronous multiplexing.

Common Transport Nodes

STM Level

Line Rate (Mbps)

STM-1
STM-4

155.52
622.08

STM-16 STM-64

2488.32 9953.28

Elements of SDH
Container (C) Virtual Container (VC) Tributary Unit (TU)

Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Administrative Unit (AU) Administrative Unit Group (AUG) Synchronous Transport Module - N (STM N)

SDH Hierarchy - TUG Structure

C-12 VC-12 TU-12 X3 TUG-2 X7 C-3 VC-3 TU-3 X1 TUG-3 X3

C-4

VC-4

ALIGNMENT
POINTERS MULTIFLEXING AU-4 X1 STM-1

ADDITION OF OVERHEADS

How Is The Frame Composed ?

PDH Payload Container + Path Overhead (POH) Virtual Container + TU Pointer = more than 1 Tributary Unit Tributary Unit Group + AU Pointer more than 1 Administrative Unit Administrative Unit Group + Section Overhead (SOH) = = Container (C) Virtual Container (VC)

Tributary Unit (TU) = = = Tributary Unit Group (TUG) Administrative Unit (AU) Administrative Unit Group

SDH Frame

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

2.048 Mbps
(E1)
1 2 3
32

32 Bytes
Stuffing Bytes

C-12

1 23

32

34 Bytes
POH (Lower Order)

VC-12

1 23

32

35 Bytes

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

Pointer

TU-12 36 Bytes

TU 12 is arranged Into Matrix of 9 X 4

9 Rows

4 Columns

TU-12

TU-12

TU-12

9 Rows

4 Columns

4 Columns

4 Columns

Multiplexing

TUG-2

9 Rows

12 Columns

7 TUG-2s

Stuffing Bytes

X 7 TUG-2 TUG-3(Multiplexing)

TUG 3

84 Columns
86 Columns

TUG - 3

TUG - 3

TUG - 3
86 Columns

X 3 TUG3
VC - 4
HOPOH Stuffing Bytes

258 Columns 261 Columns

STM-1 Frame Structure

270 Columns (Bytes) 1 1 3 4 5 9 270

RSOH AU Pointer

AU-4

VC-4 VC-4 POH MSOH C-4

SDH Frame Format

1 1 RSOH 9 10 270

3
4 POINTER
POH

PAYLOAD CONTAINER

MSOH 9

PAYLOAD CONTAINER: 9 (Rows) * 260 (Columns) * 64Kbps = 149.76 Mbps POH: RSOH: MSOH: 9 (Rows) * 1 3 (Rows) * 9 5 (Rows) * 9 (Column ) * 64 Kbps = 0.576 Mbps (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 1.728 Mbps (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 2.880 Mbps

SDH Frame Structure

A frame with a bit rate of 155.52Mbps is defined in ITU-T recommendation G.707.This frame is called Synchronous Transport Module(STM),since it is the first level in hierarchy it is called STM-1 It is made up from a byte matrix of 9 rows and 270 columns Transmission is row by row, starting with the byte in the upper left corner and ending with the byte in the lower right corner The frame repetition rate is 125ms.Each byte in payload represents a 64kbps channel

Container
Input signals are placed into the containers It adds stuffing bytes for PDH signals, which compensates for the permitted frequency deviation between the SDH system and the PDH signal C12 (2 Mbps G.703) C11 (1.5 Mbps) C2 (6 Mbps) C3 (34 / 45 Mbps) C4 (140 Mbps)

ALIGNMENT : It is a process of adopting the incoming PDH signals into containers i.e. PCM 30 or 2Mbps to C12.

Mapping

Mapping is a process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by adding justification bits and Path overhead information

Virtual Container
It adds overheads to a container or groups of tributary units, that provides facilities for supervision and maintenance of the end to end paths VCs carry information end to end between two path access points through the SDH system

VC12 (C12 + POH) VC11 (C11 + POH) VC2 (C2 + POH) VC3 (C3 + POH) VC4 (C4 + POH)

The AU pointer locates a higher-order VC, and the TU pointer locates a lower-order VC. For example, an AU3 contains a VC3 plus a pointer, and a TU2 contains a VC 2 plus a pointer. A VC is the payload entity that travels across the network, being created and dismantled at or near the service termination point.

Tributary Unit
It adds pointers to the VCs This pointer permits the SDH system to compensate for phase differences within the SDH network and also for the frequency deviations between the SDH networks TUs acts as a bridge between the lower order path layer and higher order path layer

TU12 (VC12 + pointer) TU2 (VC2 + pointer) TU3 (VC3 + pointer)

Tributary Unit Group

It defines a group of tributary units that are multiplexed together As a result, a TU group could contain one of the following combinations Three TU-12s (TUG 2)

Seven TUG-2s (TUG 3)

Administrative Unit
It adds pointer to the HO Virtual containers (similar to the tributary unit) AU - 3 (VC-3 + pointer) AU - 4 (VC-4 + pointer)

Administrative Unit Group

It defines a group of administrative units that are multiplexed together to form higher order STM signal

Synchronous Transport Module n

It adds section overhead (RSOH & MSOH) to a number of AUGs that adds facilities for supervision & maintenance of the multiplexer & regenerator sections This is the signal that is transmitted on the SDH line The digit n defines the order of the STM signal

STM-1 Section Overhead

Regenerator Section Overhead

A1 & A2 Framing Bytes

These two fixed bytes indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame A1: 11110110 A2: 00101000

J0 Regenerator Section Trace

Its used to transmit a Section Access Point Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter

B1- Bit Interleaved parity (BIP-8)

This is a parity code (even parity), used to check for transmission errors over a regenerator section Its value is calculated over all bits of the previous STM-N frame then placed in the B1 byte of STM-1

E1 Engineering Order wire

This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel for voice communication between regenerators This byte functionality is available at both multiplexers and Regenerators

F1 User Channel
This byte is set aside for the users purposes

D1 to D3 Data Communication Channel

These three bytes form a 192 kbps DCC for Operation & management of the SDH System
Network management system sends / receives provisioning, security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring command / response by way of DCC

Multiplex Section Overhead

B2 Bit Interleaved parity (BIP 24)
This is used to determine if a transmission error has occurred over a multiplex section. It is even parity, and is calculated over all bits of the MS Overhead and the STM-N frame (except the regenerator section) of the previous STM-N frame The value is placed in the three B2 bytes of the MS Overhead . These bytes are provided for all STM-1 signals in an STM-N signal

 K1 & K2 Multiplex Section Protection

These two bytes are used for MSP signaling between multiplex level entities for bi-directional automatic protection switching and for communicating Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) and Remote Defect Indication (RDI) conditions

D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel

These nine bytes form a 576 kbps DCC for Operation & management of the multiplexers on a SDH line Network management system sends / receives provisioning, security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring command / response by way of DCC

E2 Engineering Order wire

This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel for voice communication between multiplexers This byte is not accessible at the regenerators

M1 Remote Error indication

It is used to indicate the MS layer remote error indication (MS-REI)

 S1 Synchronization status message byte (SSMB)

Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used to carry the synchronization messages 0000 0010 Quality unknown (existing sync. network) G.811 PRC (Primary Reference Clock)

0100
1000 1011

G.812 transit SSU-A (Synchronisation Supply Unit - A)

G.812 local SSU-B (Synchronisation Supply Unit B) G.813 Option 1 SEC (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock)

1111

Do not use for synchronization. This message may be emulated by equipment failures and will be emulated by a Multiplex Section AIS signal.

Path OverHead

(TCM Tandem Connection Monitoring)

 J1- Path trace Starting point of VC It is used to transmit repetitively a path access point identifier, similar to J0

B3 Path Bit Interleaved Parity BIP- 8 Error Monitoring over the previous VC-4 frame. Even parity is used to monitor path errors

 C2 Signal Label
It is defined to indicate the composition or the maintenance of the VC-4 MSB LSB HEX 0000 0100 04 0001 0010 12 0001 0011 13 0001 0101 15

34/45 Mbps into C-3 140 Mbps into C-4 ATM FDDI Mapping

 G1- Path status It is defined to send back the path status and performance to where the path is generated

F2,F3 Path User Channels

It is assigned for user communication purposes between path elements by the network operator
H4 Multi frame Indicator H4 byte provides the multiframe information

 K3 Automatic protection switching(APS) channel (b1-b4) are assigned for APS signaling for protection at the VC-4/3 path labels

N1 Network operator Byte The tandem connection monitoring function is currently not used

Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH networks. The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.

STM-1

AU-Pointer VC-4 POH

TUPTR

VC-4

VC-12 VC-12 POH

 The Pointer indicates the phase shift of the first VC byte (J1, V5) within the payload or the container. For the mapping of 2Mbit/s signals into SDH, two pointer levels are used. The first level - the AU-4 pointer - identifies the start of the VC-4 relative to the basic STM-1 frame. The second level the TU-12 pointers - identifies the start of the VC-12 relative to the VC-4 for each of the 63 VC-12s.

SDH Network Management SDH management includes :

Fault (maintenance) management :
Alarm surveillance Testing

Performance monitoring Configuration management Security management

Anomalies and Defects in SDH

Alarms LOS OOF LOF Anomalies / Defects Loss of Signal Out of Frame Loss of Frame Detection Criteria Drop in incoming optical power level causes high bit error rate A1, A2 errored for > 625 s

If OOF persists for > 3ms (to be defined) Mismatch of the recovered and Regenerator Section BIP Error RS BIP Error computed BIP-8 (B1) Covers the whole STM-N frame Regenerator Section Trace Mismatch of the accepted and RS-TIM Identifier Mismatch expected Trace Identifier in byte J0 Mismatch of thr recovered and Mulitplex Section BIP Error MS BIP Error computed N x BIP-24 Covers the (B2) whole frame except RSOH

Alarms HP-UNEQ HP-TIM HP-RDI HP-PLM TU-LOM TU-AIS

Anomalies / Defects HO Path Unequipped HO Path Trace Identifier Mismatch HO Path Remote Defect Indication

Detection Criteria C2 = 0 for > 5 frames

Mismatch of the accepted and expected Trace identifier in byte J1 G1 (bit 5) = 1 for > Z frames (Z = 3, 5 or 10) Mismatch of the accepted and expected HO Path Payload Label Mismatch Payload Label in byte C2 H4 (bits 7, 8) multiframe not recovered Loss of Multiframe for X ms where X = 1 to 5 Tributary Unit Alarm Indication All ones in the TU pointer bytes V1 and Signal V2

Alarms

Anomalies / Defects

Detection Criteria Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8 (B3) or BIP-2 (V5 bit 1,2) Covers entire VC-n VC-3: C2 = 0 for > 5 frames VC-m (m=2, 11, 12) : V5 (bits 5, 6, 7) = 000 for > 5 multiframes Mismatch of the accepted and expected Trace identifier in byte J1(VC-3) or J2 VC-3: G1 (bit 5) = 1 for > Z frames VC-m (m=2, 11, 12): V5 (bit 8) = 1 for > Z multiframes (Z = 3, 5, 10) Mismatch of the accepted and expected Payload Label in byte C2 or V5 (bits 5, 6, 7)

LP BIP Error LO Path BIP Error

LP-UNEQ

LO Path Unequipped LO Path Trace Indentifier Mismatch LO Path Remote Defect Indication LO Payload Label Mismatch

LP-TIM

LP-RDI

LP-PLM

Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New Technologies

140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s

TM

STM-1

ADM
STM-1, STM-4

2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s

ATM Switch

ADM
STM-1

STM-4/-16 ADM

140Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s

DXC
LAN

2Mbit/s

THANK YOU