EMM5704 Green Computing

A Lecture by: Ramin Shamshiri Spring 2012

Introduction
What is Green Computing, Need, history, related fields

Application fields of Green computing

Trends and Applications in Manufacturing, industry,...

Methodology of Green computing

GC approach, algorithm and software, etc

Green computing Literature

Books and journal publications about Green Computing

Summary
Green computing web programs, certificates, etc
References

What Is Green Computing?

Green computing, also called Green IT or ICT Sustainability, is the practice of using computing resources efficiently Designing, manufacturing and disposing Computer ,servers with no impact on the environment [1]. To reduce the use of Hazardous materials, reduce power consumption, and to maximize energy efficiency during products lifetime.

Need for Green Computing

Waste of Energy Computer Energy is often wasteful, i.e., leaving the computer on when not in use, printing unnecessary materials, etc
( For a university of 40,000 students and faculty, the power bill for just computers can come to $2 million / year)

Pollution Due to manufacturing, packaging, disposal techniques, etc

Toxicity Toxic chemicals involved in manufacturing

Need for Green Computing

Disposal of these devices constituted 20-50 million tons per year (about 5% of the total waste of the planet) Burning and disposal of computer components leads to air pollution and airborne toxins

History of Green Computing

Originated in 1992 at the U.S Environmental Protection Agency that launched Energy Star Program The term Green Computing was then coined shortly after that

The Swedish also launched the TCO Certification after that.

Benefits of Green Computing

Improve the savings Ecofriendly and environment friendly

Green Use Green Disposal Green Design Green Manufacturing

Energy Usage profile (EUP)

Computer CPU uses 120 Watts, CRT uses 150 Watts, A Simple Fluorescent bulb (60W)
1 Hour consumption: 0.06 kWh, Cost: $0.0897 per kWh, $0.0054 per hour, $47.15 for a year

Reducing Energy Consumption

Turn off the computer and Monitor when not in use, even just for an hour, use power saver mode Use LCD instead of CRT Use hardware-software with the Energy Star label (Use Intel & VIA vs. AMD) Do not print unless required)

Introduction
What is Green Computing, Need, history, related fields

Application fields of Green computing

Trends and Applications in Manufacturing, industry,...

Methodology of Green computing

GC approach, algorithm and software, etc

Green computing Literature

Books and journal publications about Green Computing

Summary
Green computing web programs, certificates, etc
References

Green Computing Applications

Improving logistics and supply Enabling smart buildings chain management Automatically turning off Planning the routes of delivery lighting and ventilation vehicles more efficiently systems if nobody is around Managing energy demand Utilizing teleworking and videoconferencing Using data networking in electrical grids to manage Being low-carbon alternatives demand and reduce to business travel and unnecessary energy commuting consumption

Reasons for Adopting Green Solutions

TRENDS

Is a step toward reducing high operational costs Will improve network security Will force changes in enterprise behavior Will require networking professionals to change the way they think in order to involve themselves in cloud computing.

Cloud Computing in Action

Able to save energy and money for businesses. In those times when additional computing power is needed, if cloud computing solution is set up, it can draw on the additional computing power and resources just when they are needed. You won't be paying the energy costs for running servers and the associated costs the rest of the time. Cloud resources are in this case a reserve to allocate without the need to pay for the resource sitting idle in one fixed location. So, cloud computing makes IT infrastructure far more Green than it is currently.

GC Practices
Reduce energy consumption by PCs Enable power management features Greening data centers Turning off the system when not in use Using screensavers Avoid maintaining E-waste in the form of CDs, DVDs, Players, I-pods at home Try to hand over old PCs, Mobile phones and other electronic goods to recycling units Use energy saving light bulbs or LED lights Using thin-client computers

Design Manufacturing
Green computer design aims to reduce the environmental impact of computers by adopting new technologies and using new techniques and materials while balancing environmental compatibility with economic viability and performance. Green design is quickly becoming a necessary business practice. Many computer manufacturers are in the process of making green PCs using nontoxic materials that consume less electrical power and are easily reassembled.

Introduction
What is Green Computing, Need, history, related fields

Application fields of Green computing

Trends and Applications in Manufacturing, industry,...

Methodology of Green computing

GC approach, algorithm and software, etc

Green computing Literature

Books and journal publications about Green Computing

Summary
Green computing web programs, certificates, etc
References

 The Aims of Green Computing:

Reduce the use of hazardous materials

Maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime Promote the recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste

Research Areas:
To reduce the computers energy consumption as much as possible

Designing algorithms and systems to promote related computer technologies in

aspect of energy consumption

 Green Computing Consideration:

User satisfaction Management restructuring

Regulatory compliance
Return on investment (ROI)

GREEN COMPUTING (APPROACH)

SAN MURUGESAN IN THE ARTICLE HARNESSING GREEN IT: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES, DEFINES THE FIELDS OF GREEN COMPUTING AS "THE STUDY AND PRACTICE OF DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING, USING, AND DISPOSING OF COMPUTERS, SERVERS, AND ASSOCIATED SUBSYSTEMS SUCH AS MONITORS, PRINTERS, STORAGE DEVICES, AND NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS, EFFICIENTLY AND EFFECTIVELY WITH MINIMAL OR NO IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
Murugesan also believes the environmental effects of computing should be implemented in following factors: Green use Green disposal Green design Green manufacturing

Approaches
Product Longevity Data Center Design Software & Operation Optimization Power Management Materials Recycling Telecommuting

Product Longevity
The biggest contribution to green computing usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime Product longevity is including upgradability and modularity Manufacturing a new PC makes a far bigger ecological footprint than manufacturing a new RAM module to upgrade an existing one.
An ecological footprint measures of how much humans impact the planet, and how fast they use its natural resources. It is a ratio that directly relates how many resources we use to how fast the planet can regenerate them.

Data Center Design

Data center facilities are heavy consumers of energy, accounting for between 1.1% and 1.5% of the worlds total energy use in 2010 and also a center facilities consume up to 100 to 200 times more energy than standard office buildings. Energy efficient data center design should focus on: Information technology (IT) systems Environmental conditions Air management Cooling systems Electrical systems

Additional energy efficient design opportunities include on-site electrical generation and recycling of waste heat. Energy efficient data center design should help to better utilize a data centers space, and increase performance and efficiency.

Software and Operation Optimization

Algorithmic efficiency Resource allocation Virtualization Terminal servers

Algorithmic Efficiency
The efficiency of algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. A study by a physicist at Harvard, estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO). More recently, an independent study by GreenIT demonstrate that Windows 7 + Office 2010 require 70 times more memory (RAM) than Windows 98 + Office 2000 to write exactly the same text or send exactly the same e-mail than 10 years ago.

Resource Allocation
Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers where electricity is less expensive.

Direct traffic to rely on energy that is produced in a more environmentally friendly or efficient way. Cut energy usage by routing traffic away from data centers experiencing warm weather, this allows computers to be shut down to avoid using air conditioning.
Larger server centers could located where energy and land are inexpensive and readily available. Local availability of renewable energy Climate that allows outside air to be used for cooling Locating them where the heat they produce may be used for other purposes

Virtualization
Computer virtualization refers to the abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware With virtualization, a system administrator could combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby unplugging the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption

Terminal servers
Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server, all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the operating system on the terminal. These process under specific circumstances could results 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption Examples of terminal server software include Terminal Services for Windows and the Linux Terminal Services Project (LTSP) for the Linux operating system.

Power Management

Data center power Operation system support Power supply Storage Video card Display

Materials recycling
Keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills
Recycling equipment that would need to be manufactured, saving further energy and emissions Computer systems that have outlived their particular function can be repurposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal or private recycling centers Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper and batteries should be recycled as well.

Telecommuting Teleconferencing and telepresence technologies are often implemented in green computing initiatives by reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel

Why to Get Green !?!

1. CEOs must recognize the leadership role they personally need to play to embed sustainability deep and wide in their organizations. 2. Exponential increases in electricity tariffs. 3. Introduction of Carbon Taxes. 4. Brand loyalty shift. 5. Regulatory requirements for sustainability reporting.

GREEN COMPUTING (PERSPECTIVE)

Tips for Home Usage:

Switch the monitor off when, not being used. Despite the debate over whether its better for your computer to be left on or shut off, the fact is its better for the environment to shut it off. Use new energy saving LCDs instead of traditional CRT monitors. Use new energy saving and efficient cooling systems, like liquid computer cooling systems in place of old heat sinks. Temperature maintenance and regulation to reduce thermal-shock, wear and tear to computer parts. Increase online security measures through the use of firewalls, anti spyware and antivirus software to reduce the ever increasing levels of e-waste on the net.

Instead of spending more time on computers in office, consider reducing the computer time in your office. This will improve cathode ray tube screen visibility syndrome as well as it will save more energy.

 Individual Green Computing involves power management by individual users. It also involves cutting off power supply to peripherals like scanners and printers. Buy Energy Star labeled monitors, desktop, laptops, and printers. The Energy Star devices can be programmed to power-down to a low power state when they are not being used, helping you save energy and run cooler which helps them last even longer.

Buy the new Smart Strip power strip. The Smart Strip actually senses how much power your computer devices use and when Smart Strip senses that you have switched off, it automatically shuts off your peripherals.
Put laptops in sleep mode when not being used. The EPA has estimated that this reduces their energy use by 60 to 70 percent. Or alternatively switch to a better power plan in windows(there are many power plans in windows, change them according to your usage at that time) Green Computing also involves disposal of old hardware responsibly. Consumer electronic devices contain toxic materials which can seep into the ground if not dumped properly.

Introduction
What is Green Computing, Need, history, related fields

Application fields of Green computing

Trends and Applications in Manufacturing, industry,...

Methodology of Green computing

GC approach, algorithm and software, etc

Green computing Literature

Books and journal publications about Green Computing

Summary
Green computing web programs, certificates, etc
References

Why Green Computing

Why Green Computing

Top 10 reasons to Green computing

Top 10 reasons to Green computing by Kevin Klustners President and CEO of Verdiem :

1. It saves money (a lot of money): PC power management software can cut energy costs by $20-60 dollars per PC, which can translate to six- and seven-figure annual savings for large enterprises. 2. Its the right thing to do: 15 PCs can generate as much carbon emissions as a midsize car each year. Implementing effective PC power management strategies in your enterprise provides a way for your business to do its part in helping the environment. 3. Its not easy being not green: Replacing office equipment can be time- and costintensive. But making your existing equipment more energy-efficient is a fast and easy process that pays off within months, and makes it difficult being not green.

Top 10 reasons to Green computing

4. Sustained growth requires sustainable operations : The average PC consumes 588 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, and wastes almost 400 kWh of that by running at full-power when not in use. Putting a computer in sleep mode during inactive times can cut energy use on average 60-70 percent and up to 90 percent in aggressive scenarios. 5. Attract and retain customers: According to reporting from Verdiems current customers, enterprises can cut PC carbon emission by as much as 440 pounds per year per PC. For large enterprises, this can literally mean savings of thousands of tons of carbon each year, simply by managing PC power consumption. 6. Inspire employees: Employees feel a deep sense of pride working in organizations that do their part for the environment. When your employees know their computers are using less than half the power they used to, with no impact on productivity, theyll know they personally are helping to reduce the company's carbon footprint.

Top 10 reasons to Green computing

7. Improved reputation and brand value: According to the BBMG Conscious Consumer Report, the vast majority of Americans not only expect business leaders and marketers to provide environmentally-friendly products, but theyre adamant that those green friendly claims are backed up with legitimate practices. 8. Be a cost-savings and sustainability hero for your organization :Every year, enterprises waste nearly $4 billion powering devices that are not in use. Curb these expenses and the excess carbon emissions through the introduction of power management ideas.
9. Lower exposure to energy prices: Energy sales are expected to grow 50 percent worldwide by 2030. By reducing the amount of power required to operate your business, youll mitigate risk from factors well outside of your control. 10. Energy-efficient IT is high performance IT: IT equipment can account for nine percent of all energy consumed by businesses- the third-largest source of power for the commercial sector. Putting power management policies in place is the easiest way to control power consumption across your network.

1) Develop a sustainable green computing plan

Discuss with your business leaders the elements that should be factored into such a plan,

including organizational policies and checklists.

2) Recycle
Discard used or unwanted electronic equipment in a convenient and environmentally responsible manner.

3) Make environmentally sound purchase decisions

4) Reduce Paper Consumption
There are many easy, obvious ways to reduce paper consumption: e-mail, electronic archiving, use the track changes feature in electronic documents, rather than redline corrections on paper. 5)

Conserve energy
Turn off your computer when you know you wont use it for an extended period of time.

Turn on power management features during shorter periods of inactivity.

Techniques or tips for encouraging greener IT by Canadians:

The Canadian Center for Pollution Prevention has some great techniques to promote greener behavior among employees. Here's a sampling of six techniques:

1. Set clear targets. Establishing a specific, attainable, measurable goal, such as "cutting energy waste by 20 percent in a week" is easier to get behind than a vague objective such as "Let's cut waste significantly this year." 2. Connect behavior with results. By sharing energy and waste figures with staff, you show how their actions make a difference. 3. Provide concrete examples. Offer specific guidance as to what employees should do to cut waste, including printing double-sided and in black-and-white; turning off monitors, PCs, and lights; and unplugging chargers.

Techniques or tips for encouraging greener IT by Canadians:

4. Put expectations in writing. Add green policies to corporate documents such as employee handbooks and job descriptions. Remind staff of these policies during orientation and training sessions.

5. Use visual and auditory reminders. Decals, stickers, and signs hung around the office can be effective reminder for employees to turn off lights, reduce printing, and so forth. 6. Make people feel good about their actions. This ties in to rewards, which again, need not be monetary. Public recognition and praise, for example, can be very effective.

Advantages of green IT
IT operations achieve better energy efficiency through green initiatives, which financially benefit them, especially when electrical energy is at a premium and energy prices are rising. Green IT can contribute to improving a companys relationship with important stakeholders like banks, investors and government agencies (Carter, 2004; Carter et al. 2000).
Costs can be reduced by packaging material efficiently. Carter et al. (2000) identified that environmental (IT) purchasing can improve a companys economic position, by reducing disposal and liability costs and conserving resources.

Advantages of green IT
Maignan et al. (2002) state that there is a relation between CSR and the increased innovations because of the process of seeking alternative environmental efficient processes. The organizational value can increase as well by improving brand image and loyalty. Green IT can be used to gain increased brand image for attracting and keeping both customers and employees, as reputation can be a source of competitive advantage (Carter, 2004). Green labels are a good way of communicating the achievements on green IT to the stakeholders, especially the customers (Hansmann et al., 2004; Maignan et al., 2002).

Disadvantages green IT
For implementing new initiatives, investments have to be made. As identified by McGuire et al. (2005) and Carter (2005), cost can come from several sources: training and top management support, establishing environmental protection procedures, implementing software that enhances greenness, executing the move towards e.g. cloud computing or virtualization, investing in sustainable hardware etc.
Concerns for a green IT policy may limit a firms strategic alternatives. Although virtualization and cloud computing will result in more efficient use of energy, Hardof (2009) mentions that it has a huge impact on security

Some examples of green computing

Australian Dept. of Defense

Automatic log off and shut down of PCs

reduced machine hours from 50000 hrs to

3000rs. The result was savings in electricity of over $5 million annually, with a decrease in GHG of more than 30000 tonnes annually (equates to 7 500 cars off the road per annum).

Dell
A tool based switch-off/ switch on change over 50000 desktops across the globe helped DELL to reduce its energy consumption by 40%, translating to USD 1.8 m per year.

Intel
Saved $US45 million by consolidating and replacing servers thus avoiding new data center construction, and saved $US 95

million through Data Centre efficiency

program.

Infosys
Business Technology Consulting | IT Services
Through a large Green Computing Program covering server and storage consolidation, blade server rollouts, and virtualization, gained the following financial benefits: Direct cost savings of US$ 130,000 Annual savings of US$ 70,000 on data center maintenance costs Reduced server count by 98%, achieving significant cost reduction Reduced Total Cost of Ownership Annual energy cost savings up to US$ 100,000

Infosys
Business Technology Consulting | IT Services Through the cloud implementation Infosys achieved the following benefits : 22% reduction in costs and power consumption Additional ease of implementation and control over projects Clients also benefit from lower TCO Built twin CloudCenters in a record period of 5.5 months with 30 plus IT services and 2 clients going live More than 50 percent reduction in the effort cost Around 80 percent reduction in the power demand by additional desktops and project specific servers Reduction in OS build time to less than 30 minutes from 2-3 hours of manual installation time Restoration to previous snapshot within 5 minutes

Coca-Cola Bottling Company Consolidated

Achieved the following benefits from Datacenter Virtualization: 80 servers to 4 Reduced cabling costs by 30 to 60 percent

Reduced space, power and cooling

requirements

 Hear I going to introduce some articles , journals in relation with green computing :

Wikipedia has two sources about green computing. The first, is titled, What is Green Computing? This gives a basic idea of what is involved with Green Computing and what it means to have green computers. The second source is found on the encyclopedia Wikipedia site. The title of this article is, Green Computing Environmentally Friendly Use of Computers. The article addresses the what and how of green computing. Both of these articles address the pros of green computing.

Green Supercomputing Comes of Age, is an article retrieved on line. This article discusses what needs to be done for green computing to be implemented in businesses. The article, titled, Energy Star has lost some luster, from the Consumers Report dated October 2008, gives an interesting look at how well the government and the EPA are doing to green up technology. Baseline is a technological magazine with articles on line. The title of their article is, Green Computing: Hype Cycle or Actual Trend. In this article, we explore why we arent up to speed on green computing.

An article titled, Can Green Computers Help Save the World, gives some insight into the debate that green computers arent really Reid, T. R. (1992, EPA nudges firms to take green and why. the lead in 'green computing) is an article which shows that the initial "green" computer was only one that consumed less energy and they only suggestion to reduce energy consumption was putting a sleep function into the microprocessor that would use less energy while the computers were not in use

Staples has a good article on their website titled, Environmentally Friendly Solutions for Obsolete Computers. While we try to use less energy to help with global warming, there is still an issue with disposal of computers and accessories.

Introduction
What is Green Computing, Need, history, related fields

Application fields of Green computing

Trends and Applications in Manufacturing, industry,...

Methodology of Green computing

GC approach, algorithm and software, etc

Green computing Literature

Books and journal publications about Green Computing

Summary
Green computing web programs, certificates, etc
References

Summary Green computing is a novel and an innovative trend in the world of computing which has minimum or no impact on the environment.

Green computing has introduced a range of equipments and technologies which help in limiting the impact on the environment.
Use of EUPs help in different aspects of the computing world help in recognizing the areas for improvement

Green Computing Programs

The Australian National University (ANU) offers "ICT Sustainability" as part of its information technology and engineering masters programs. Athabasca University offer a similar course "Green ICT Strategies", adapted from the ANU course notes. Leeds Metropolitan University offers an MSc Green Computing program in both full and part time access modes.

Certifications
Green Computing Initiative - GCI CompTIA Strata Green IT Information Systems Examination Board (ISEB) Foundation Certificate in Green IT Singapore Infocomm Technology Federation (SiTF) Australian Computer Society (ACS)

Go Green Computing
Greener Google Browsing: Blackle.com Being Green with Yahoo! Greener FireFox Surfing Other Green Surfing Efforts

Go Green Computing
Bamboo: is becoming increasingly popular for making casings for computers and peripherals Recyclable plastics: computers are constructed from non-recyclable plastics is recyclable polycarbonate resin. Eco-friendly flame retardant: there are flame retardant silicone compounds available that are flame retardant and completely non-toxic. Inventory management: reducing the quantity of both hazardous materials used in the process and the amount of excess raw materials. Volume reduction: removes hazardous portion of waste from non hazardous portion.

Go Green Computing

References
1. San Murugesan, Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, IEEE IT Professional, JanuaryFebruary 2008, pp 24-33. 2. Rajesh Chheda, Dan Shookowsky, Steve Stefanovich, and Joe Toscano, Profiling Energy Usage for Efficient Consumption. 3. Dan Rogers and Ulrich Homann, Application Patterns for Green IT. 4. Walter Binder and Niranjan Suri, Green Computing: Energy Consumption Optimized Service Hosting 5. Robert R. Harmon, Nora Auseklis, Sustainable IT Services: Assessing the Impact of Green Computing Practices.