EDUCATION

Lecture: 18 Economic Survey of Pakistan 2011-12

Investment in Education

Why is this needed?

Plays

a vital role in human capital formation

Is

a requirement for social cohesion

Expenditure on education

Public expenditure is quite low

Around

2% of GDP

Literacy Rates, GER and NER trends, & GPI

GER

Gross Enrolment Rate (GER): is the number of children attending primary school (age 5-9 years) divided by the number of children who ought to be attending. The GER in case of both male and female shows no change and it remained 91% between 2006-07 and 2007-08

NER

The Net Enrollment Rate: refers to the number of students enrolled in primary school of primary school age divided by the number of children in the age group for that level of education.
The NER as a whole in 2007-08 is 55% as compared to 56% in 2006-07. All the provinces have shown a decreasing trend

GPI

The Gender Parity Index: is the ratio of females enrolment to the males enrolment. A GPI of more than one indicates that, in proportion, to every male in the school, there is more than one female. The GPI for Pakistan as a whole in 2007- 08, is 0.64 compared to 0.63 in 2006-07. Province wise GPI is high in Punjab (0.69) followed by Sindh (0.61), NWFP (0.49) and Balochistan (0.35).

The lower GPI in NWFP and Balochistan calls for immediate attention by the policy makers at both federal and provincial levels.

Levels of Education

Educational Institutions and Enrolment

Physical Infrastructure

Large number of schools are missing basic infrastructure

32%

are without a boundary wall 33.6% are without drinking water facility 35.4% without latrines 60% of the schools are without any provision of electricity

University Education

Enrollment has been increasing. However, the rate of increase has stagnated recently

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

Established Digital Library in Pakistan Tripled University enrollment from 135,000 in the year 2003 to 400,000 in 2008. Promoted research, resulting in huge expansion of international research publications from Pakistan from only 600 research papers /yr in 2003 to 4300 research papers in 2008. Four year undergraduate program introduced Ph.D. level scholarships Fifty one new universities and degree awarding institutes and 18 campuses of existing universities established during (2003-2008)

HIGHER EDUCATION

The ASER survey

80 percent of children in the age group 6 to 16 years in rural Pakistan were enrolled in schools in 2010.

Of the children in the primary age group 6 to 10 years 84 percent were enrolled.

There was decreasing trend for enrollment from class 1 to class 10.

The class wise enrollment for class 3 was 14 percent, 9 percent for class 6 and 3 percent for class 10.

Mothers literacy stood at 32 percent. Lowest being 17 percent in Balochistan and highest being 55 percent in Gilgit-Baltistan.

The ASER survey

The overall percentage of rural children in class 5 reading a class 2 text in Urdu/Sindhi was 52 percent while for the English text it was 42 percent.

This meant that more than half of all rural children in class 5 in Pakistan were at least three grade levels behind.

For arithmetic level up to class 3, only 34 percent children in class 5, were able to do division problems.

Thus more than 65 percent of the children in class 5 were at least two grades levels behind.

Out of every 4 children in the private schools, at least 1 child took paid tuition, whereas out of every

The ASER survey

43 percent of the Government primary schools did not have safe drinking water and 55 percent did not have proper washroom facilities. Overall childrens attendance on the day of visit as per headcount in government schools stood at 82 percent and 89 percent for private schools. Teachers attendance on the day of the visit at the national level was 87 percent in Govt. Schools and 90 percent in private schools.

HEALTH
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010-

Importance

Health plays the key role in determining the human capital improves the efficiency and the productivity of the labour force

To attain better, more skilful, efficient and productive human capital resources, governments subsidizes the health care facilities for its people The size and distribution of these in-kind transfers to health sector differs from country to country but the fundamental question is how much these expenditures are productive and effective?

Reasons
Rationale for government spending: 1. Health generates positive externalities for the society as a whole 2. Equity concerns - without public sector financial support only the wealthy segment of the population would be able to afford reasonable health care services 3. Government spending in delivering basic health care services is to reduce burden of the diseases in the productive years of the life

Government Expenditure

Stable at about 0.5% of GDP for a very long period of time. Fell in the current year to 0.2% Increase in absolute amounts spent

Government Expenditure

Health Indicators

Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

3 goals adopted by Pakistan are:
1. Reduce by Two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the Under-five Mortality Rate 2. Reduce by Three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the Maternal Mortality Rate 3. Have Halted by 2015, and Begun to Reverse, the Spread of HIV/AIDS

Target: 1

Target: 2

Deaths per 100,000 live births

Health indicators

Levels and trends for child mortality are particularly relevant in understanding public health because globally almost 20% of all deaths are of children less than 5 years old Estimates of life expectancy reflect how many years a person might be expected to live given the current mortality rates in specific settings, they say nothing about health status during life Mortality statistics alone are insufficient in fully describing and comparing the health status of different populations because they underestimate the burden of ill-health caused by chronic conditions and provide no information on non-fatal health outcomes

Healthcare Facilities

There has been slight improvement in manpower in health :

However, there are still 1222 people per doctor, 16,854 people per dentist and 1701 people per hospital bed

Health Programs - Immunization

Protecting children by immunizing them against Childhood Tuberculosis, Measles, Tetanus etc. Commitment of the Federal Government for provision of vaccines, syringes, cold chain equipment, operational vehicles, printed material and launching of health education/ motivation campaign Pakistan has made tremendous progress towards achieving polio targets and global experts have reaffirmed that country could be the next poliofree country in the world. The number of cases has been reduced from thousands to just 89 cases in 2009 and polio remains in just a few strong holds across the country

Health Programs AIDS Control

In Pakistan, the trend of HIV epidemic has shifted from a lowprevalence state to concentrated state
About 97,400 HIV positive people, approximately 0.1% of the total adult population
Infection

among injection users and blood transmission is increasing

Enhanced HIV/AIDS Programme with

Health Programs Malaria & TB Control

Malaria is the 2nd most prevalent and devastating disease in the country and has been a major cause of morbidity in Pakistan Pakistan has the 8th highest burden of TB For next five years (20092013) federal and provincial governments have allocated Rs. 658.62 million and Rs.1006 million respectively for malaria control activities in country The percentage of TB Cases Detection and care rate is 80%

Organizational Issues

In-adequacies in Primary/Secondary Health care Services Urban/rural imbalances

Professional and Managerial deficiencies in District Health System Unregulated Private Sector

Issues

Inadequate sanitation facilities Unsafe water Lack of knowledge Malnutrition

Health insurance??