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THE BRAIN

BIOLOGY CHAPTER 3 3.2 ROLE OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE BRAIN
The brain is one of the largest organ in the human body. It consists of 100 billion neurones and weight about 1300-1400g in an adult. The brain consists of 7 main parts:
Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex

Medulla Oblongata Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thalamus

Cerebrum
It is the largest and most complex part of the brain. Divided into 2 halves called hemisphere: The Left Hemisphere The Right Hemisphere

The Left Hemisphere: - Controls movement on the right side of the body. The Right Hemisphere: - Controls movements on the left side of the body.

Cerebrum receives the sensory input & carries out integrative functions. Coordinates the activities of the other brain parts. Sends command to the muscles. Example: movement, hearing, tasting.

Cerebral Cortex
The outer region of the Cerebrum. A highly folded structure with a large surface area. Direct voluntary muscle movement and create sensory perception. The cerebral cortex is divided into 4 sections called lobes:
The Frontal Lobe The Parietal Lobe The Occipital Lobe The Temporal Lobe

The Frontal Lobe- It is concerned with emotions, reasoning, planning, movement, and parts of speech. It is also involved in purposeful acts such as creativity, judgment, problem solving, and planning. The Parietal Lobe-They are connected with the processing of nerve impulses related to the senses, such as touch, pain, taste, pressure, and temperature. They also have language functions. The Occipital Lobe-The occipital lobe is involved with the brain's ability to recognize objects. It is responsible for our vision. The Temporal Lobe-The temporal lobes are responsible for hearing, memory, meaning, and language. They also play a role in emotion and learning. The temporal lobes are concerned with interpreting and processing auditory stimuli.

Cerebellum
Located

below the cerebrum and near the top of the spinal cord.

The

coordinating centre for body movement. Responsible for body balance & movement. Receives information from the sensory receptors on the position of different parts of the body. Evaluates the information & brings the need for coordinated movements. Sends appropriate commands to the muscle.

Medulla Oblongata
Controls involuntary & automatic actions. Contains a number of vital centres for regulating heartbeat, breathing, & vasoconstriction. Also contain reflex centres for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, & swallowing.

Hypothalamus
Maintains homeostatis & contains centres for regulating sleep, hunger, thrist, body temperature, water balance, & blood pressure. The coordination centre for autonomic nervous system. Regulates the pituitary gland. Controls physical expression of emotions.

Pituitary Gland
Is

attached to the Hypothalamus Connects the nervous system with the endocrine system. Produce hormones that influence other glands and body function such as growth and reproduction.

Thalamus

Responsible for sorting sorting information that goes in & comes out of the cerebral cortex. Integrates the information from the sensory receptors to the cerebrum. Enhances certain signals & blocks other signals. Gives us awareness of impulses like touch, pain & temperature.

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