MC-CDMA

Dr. P.Dananjayan
Professor & Chairman (PG Programmes)
Pondicherry Engineering College
Pondicherry
pdananjayan@rediffmail.com
Contents
I. Introduction to Communication System
II. Spread Spectrum Communication
III. Mobile Communication
IV. GSM
V. CDMA
VI. MC-CDMA

Basic Communication System
Transmitter
Transmission
Medium
Receiver
Input
Transducer
Output
Transducer
Noise
wired / wireless
2. Wireless Communication
Tx
Rx
Communication media
- Cellular
- WLAN
- Satellite Communication
- Radio, TV Broadcast
Communication modes
Communication
Modes
Simplex
(Radio, TV
Broadcast)
Duplex
Half Duplex
(Walkie Talkie)
Full Duplex
(Telephone
network)
RF Spectrum
Local
Exchange
Access
medium
Trunk
Exchange Local
Exchange
Access
medium
Trunk
Exchange
Cable - Copper
Microwave
Satellite
Telecommunication network
Cable - Fibre Optic
Heterogeneous Service
Voice

Video

Data

1. Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA)

2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Multiple Access Techniques
Sharing the resource by many users
USER 1

USER 2

USER 3

Power
Frequency

Time
FDMA
The RF spectrum is
divided into different
channels of equal BW
Each channel is
assigned to one user
Inefficient use of
assigned BW
30 KHz BW per
channel for cellular
applications
FDMA

Time
U
S
E
R

3
U
S
E
R

2
U
S
E
R

1
Frequency
Power
The RF spectrum is
divided into carriers
Each carrier is then
divided into time slots
(channels)
Each channel is assigned
to one user
User can transmit /
receive when carrier
serves their time slot
3 users can share one
FDMA channel
TDMA
USER CODE 3
USER CODE 2
USER CODE 1
Frequency

Time
Power
- Radio spectrum is divided into
wide band carriers (1.23 MHz)
- Each user of this band is
assigned a unique code (PRN)
- The code is modulated by
data and sent over the entire
carrier
- CDMA is based on spread
spectrum technology
- Permits multiple user access
to be identified by the unique
code
CDMA
Concept of Spread Spectrum
Technology
The transmitted signal bandwidth is much larger
than the signal bandwidth. Intentionally the
bandwidth is expanded.

Ex: The digitized speech signal of 9.6 kbps may be
transmitted at 1.228 Mbps ( expansion of 128
times)
A special modulation technique
The transmitted signal occupies much wider BW
than that of the information (data) signal
The BW is spread using PN codes
Signal looks like Noise with flat uniform spectrum
Receiver synchronizes to the code to recover data
To build immunity against interference, Multi-path
fading.

Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum
DSSS-Introduction
- The transmission Bandwidth is increased many times that of
information Bandwidth
- Spreading is done by combining data with Pseudo Random Noise
(PRN)
- The power spectral density(PSD) of SS signal is much lower than the
narrow band signal.
- The energy radiated by the transmitter causes minimum interference

PSD
PSD
BW
BW
f
f
Spread Spectrum - Transmitter
- Interference / Jamming signal will be spread out during de-
spreading
- The amplitude of Jamming signal is greatly reduced
- The SS signal is de-spread to generate original narrow
band signal
Spread Spectrum - Receiver
PSD
BW
PSD
f
f
BW
Direct Sequence SS (DSSS)
Frequency Hopping SS (FHSS)

Types of SS
c(t)
d(t)
q(t)
x(t)
Cos w
c
t
d(t) = data
c(t) = spreading signal
q(t) = spread signal
x(t) = transmitted signal
DS CDMA Transmitter
PN Sequence
c
1
(t) = despreading sequence
= c(t) of Tx
d
1
(t) = despread signal
= d(t) of Tx
DS CDMA Receiver
c
1
(t)
PN code
generator
y(t)
x(t)
Cos w
c
t
x
1
(t)
BPF
LPF
d
1
(t)
DSSS Spectrum
Noise Level
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

2Rc
Transmitted
DSSS Signal
Power Spectrum of DSSS
Benefits of spread spectrum technology
Low Power Spectral Density
Low Probability of Interception
High Immunity to Jamming and Interference
Multiple Access Capability
Protection against multi-path Interference
Privacy and Security of data

Well suited for Secured, Jam proof, Reliable Communication

Comparison of TDMA and CDMA

TDMA
3 - 4 times capacity

CDMA - 1995
10 times more capacity
Better voice quality
Security, Broader coverage

Need for Mobile Communication
On move
Any time, Any where
History of Mobile Communication

1888 - Discovery of EM waves by Hertz

1901 - Demonstration of Transatlantic Radio telegraphy
by Marconi

1920 - Push to talk simplex mobile for police

1946 - Public mobile radio system in US

1979 - The first commercially automated cellular network
(1G) was launched in Japan






1984 - Bell Labs developed modern commercial cellular technology

1991 - Digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was
launched by Radiolinja in Finland on the GSM standard

1993 - The first data services appeared on mobile phones starting
with person-to-person SMS text messaging in Finland

1999 - The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT
DoCoMo in Japan

2001 - The first commercial launch of 3G in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the
WCDMA standard

NTT - Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
DoCoMo - Do Communications Over the Mobile Network


6
2
7
4
3
5
2 3
3
4 1
6
7
6
4
5


1
2
1
7
5
Cells grouped into a cluster
of seven

Numbers indicate frequency
use

To add more users, smaller
cells (microcells) are used

Frequencies may not need
to be different in CDMA (soft
handoff)
A Cellular Network
Uplink and Downlink

Uplink
Pertaining to GSM and cellular
networks, the radio uplink is the
transmission path from the Mobile
Station (Cell Phone) to a Base Station
(Cell Site)
Downlink
Pertaining to cellular networks, the
radio downlink is the transmission
path from a Base Transceiver Station
(Cell Site) to the Mobile Station (Cell
Phone).
BTS
Uplink
Downlink
MS MS
Issues in Mobile Communication
Co channel Interference
Adjacent channel Interference
Limited Capacity
Roaming
Generations
1G Analog Cellular
2G TDMA GSM
2G CDMA - IS-95
2.5G
3G
Beyond 3G
1G


Around 1970,Country specific, Analog transmission,
primarily speech
TACS (UK) : Total Access Communication System
890-915 MHz & 935-960 MHz

NMT (Europe) : Nordic Mobile Telephone
890-915 MHz & 935-960 MHz

AMPS (US) : Advanced Mobile Phone System
824-849 MHz & 869-894MHz

Limitations of 1G
Analog Technology

Limited Services

Low User Data Rates

Country Specific

Bulky Systems

Different Frequency Spectrum

Analog cellular phones are insecure. Anyone with an all
band radio receiver can listen in (many scandals)


2G

Early 1980, Region specific, based on Digital transmission

PDC (Japan) Personal Digital Cellular
810-826 MHz & 940-956 MHz

GSM (EU) Global System for Mobile Communication
935-960 MHz & 890-915 MHz

D AMPS (US) Digital AMPS
869-894 MHz & 824-849 MHz

IS 95 (US) CDMA
869-894 MHz & 824-849 MHz



GSM System Architecture
BSC
BSC
MSC
MS
MS
MS BTS
BTS
BTS
GMSC
PSTN
ISDN
PDN
EIR
AUC
HLR
VLR
Up link frequency 890 - 915 MHz
Down Link frequency 935 - 960 MHz
Carrier Spacing 200 KHz
No. of Channels 1000 full duplex
Modulation GMSK
Multiplexing FDMA/TDMA/FDD
GSM
Two 1991 GSM Mobile Phones
Advantages of 2G
Bandwidth Reduction per Channel
Greater Noise Immunity
Greater Security (Encoding)
Mobile Assisted Hand-off
Limitations of 2G
Limited capacity
Narrow band
Low data rate
Voice & data only
Regional Roaming
Advantages of 3G

Seamless global roaming.
Support for high speed data and
multimedia applications

144 kbps while moving,
384 kbps for pedestrian
2 Mbps wireless access in local area.

Wireless Network Evolution to
3
rd
Generation


AMPS

GSM
IS-95


GPRS

CDMA-2000
1XRTT
EDGE
CDMA2000
3XRTT
(UMTS)
2.5G
3G
2G
2 Mbps
500 kbps
150 Kbps
100 Kbps
50 Kbps
10 Kbps
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
TDMA Migration
1G-2G Migration
CDMA Migration
1980
1G
1 Kbps
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
Cdma One
GSM TDMA
(IS-136)
GPRS
EDGE
IS-95B
3GPP2
Cdma2000
(1x,3x)
3GPP
W-CDMA
(FDD & TDD)
2G
2.5G
3G
FWT
FWT
FWT
FWT
V5.2
16E1S
Base
Station
Controller
Operation & Maintenance
Centre
Base
Transceiver
Station
Base
Transceiver
Station
FAX
Mobile for
Limited
Mobility
E1 = 2048 Kbps
CDMA ARCHITECTURE
Issues in 3G
Capacity
Data rate
144 kbps while moving,
384 kbps for pedestrian
2 Mbps wireless access in local area.
Interferences
Fading
Services
1
1
S
N M
=

0
1
( 1)
b
E W
N M R
=

where W/R is the processing gain

Channel capacity
0
1 1
( 1) 1
b
E W
N M R
| |
=
|
+q
\ .

where is the loading factor
( 1 + ) is the frequency reuse factor
is sectorization gain
is voice activity factor
v

Channel capacity (contd.,)
Fading
Flat Fading
NO Inter-symbol Interference
NO complex equalizer
Frequency Selective Fading
Inter-symbol Interference
Complex equalizer
Multi carrier technology-Motivation
Orthogonal FDM
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) transmits
multiple signals simultaneously over a single
transmission path, such as a cable or wireless
system.
Each signal travels within its own unique frequency
range (carrier), which is modulated by the data.
Orthogonal FDM's (OFDM) technique distributes the
data over a large number of carriers that are spaced
apart at precise frequencies.
This spacing provides the "orthogonality" in this
technique which prevents the demodulators from
seeing frequencies other than their own.

OFDM Spectral Efficiency

OFDM
OFDM: a form of
Multicarrier Modulation.
Different symbols are
transmitted over different
subcarriers
Spectra overlap, but
signals are orthogonal.
Example:Rectangular
waveform -> Sinc
spectrum
OFDM
OFDM
Advantages
OFDM Multicarrier Modulation

Problem of DS-CDMA
Frequency-selective multi-path fading



Advantages of MC-CDMA
Frequency diversity
Frequency non-selective fading
High spectral efficiency => orthogonal channels


Need for MC-CDMA
Spreads signal over different carriers
Spreading code in frequency domain
Same symbol is transmitted over all sub-
carriers
Received signal is combined
All signal energy is used for detection

Various different proposals
(1) DS-CDMA followed by OFDM
(2) OFDM followed by DS-CDMA
(3) DS-CDMA on multiple parallel carriers



MC-CDMA
OFDM + DS-CDMA

Direct-spreading before frequency diversity

Each subcarrier signal is direct-spread
With common signature sequence

Multi-carrier => robust to multipath fading

DS => rejection to narrowband interference
Lower chip rate required
MC-DS-CDMA
I-FFT: OFDM Transmission
Transmission of QAM symbols on
parallel subcarriers
Overlapping, yet orthogonal subcarriers








cos(e
c
t+ e
s
t)
cos(e
c
t)
cos(e
c
t+ ie
s
t)
cos(e
c
t+ (N-1)e
s
t)
User
symbols
S
e
r
i
a
l
-
t
o
-

p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l

=
S
e
r
i
a
l
-
t
o
-

P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l

I
-
F
F
T

P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
-
t
o
-

S
e
r
i
a
l

MC-CDMA
TRANSMITTER
DS-CDMA System
MC-CDMA System
MC-CDMA
Receiver
DS-CDMA System
MC-CDMA System
MC-CDMA
In terms of spectral efficiency, both DS-
CDMA and MC-CDMA have the same spectral
bandwidth.
However, if spectrum sharing among service providers is an
option, MC-CDMA inherent some benefits over DS-CDMA.
MC-CDMA
In DS-CDMA, if the number of users is less, there is not really an
efficient method for the service provider to loan its spectrum to
others that needed more bandwidth.

However, it is possible in the MC-CDMA system. This is also true for
the case where a service provider needs to borrow bandwidth from
other providers.

It is clear that MC-CDMA is more efficient in the sense of spectrum
sharing.
DS-CDMA in spectrum sharing will needs to borrow the entire
bandwidth
Inefficient use of frequency spectrum
MC-CDMA Better spectrum efficiency.
Users Information Rates - 2 Mb/s to 20 Mb/s

Global Roaming & Internetworking

More Services than 3G

Guaranteed QOS

Support of Variety of Terminals

Support of broadband mobile multimedia, high
definition moving pictures, broadcast and distribution
services
Future Trends 4G
IP+WPAN+WLAN+WMAN+WWAN+any other stragglers = 4G
4G : Convergence of

Fixed

Mobile

Satellite

Broadcast




PSTN
ISDN
Micro-Cell
Vehicle
Mobile Public
Transportatio
n
Macro-Cell
WLL
R-LAN
Pico-Cell
Indoor
Cordless
4G Network
2,3G Network
IP Back
bone/Inter
net
Content Server
(Media Server)
Cordless Subscriber
Loop
4G Systems

Full motion video
Home entertainment systems
Advanced location systems etc.

Possible Applications of 4G
Parameter 3
rd
Generation 4
th
Generation
Frequency band 1.8 2.5 GHz 2 8 GHz
Bandwidth 5 20 MHz 5 20 MHz
Data Rate Up to 2 Mbps
(384 Kbps WAN)
Up to 20 Mbps or
more
Access Wideband CDMA Multi-carrier-CDMA or
OFDM (TDMA)
FEC Turbo-codes Concatenated Codes
Switching Circuit/ Packet Packet
Mobile Top speeds 200 Km 200 Km.
3G Vs. 4G
1G 2G 3G
4G
Analog
Voice
Multiple
Standard
Digital
Voice +Data
SMS
Supple.
Services
Multiple
Standard
Digital
Ckt. switched
+ Packet switched
Voice+Data+Video
Multimedia
Single Standard

Digital
Voice + Data
+Video
Mobile
multimedia
TOWARDS BROADBAND MOBILE MULTIMEDIA
Analog Motorola DynaTAC8000X
Advanced Mobile Phone System
mobile phone as of 1983
Portable Cellphone 1970's
References
www.tellabs.com
B.G.Evans and K.Baughan, Visions
of 4G, Electronics and Communication
Engineering Journal, pp.293-303,
December 2000.
www.4gamericas.org
www.artesianmedia.com

References
Questions?