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Chapter -27
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
(a) For a ray incident on a denser medium (n
2
> n
1
), the
angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence.
(a) For a ray incident on a rarer medium (n
2
< n
1
), the
angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.
(a) The angle of incidence, for which the angle of refraction is 90
o
,
is known as the critical angle and is denoted by |
c
.
1
2
1
1
sin
c
n
n
| |
| |
= =
|
\ .
the angle of refraction |
2
= 90
o
. When the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle
(i.e., when |
1
> |
c
), there is no refracted ray and known as total internal reflection.
1
A (glass) fiber consists of a cylindrical central
core cladded by a material of slightly lower
refractive index.
Refractive index distribution for a step-index
fiber.
where n
1
and n
2
(< n
1
) represent, respectively,
the refractive indices of core and cladding and a
represents the radius of the core.
THE OPTICAL FIBER
1
2
n 0<r<a
n
n r>a
(
| |
= A s
(
|
= \ .
(
= A = > >
= =
= ~ <<
Numerical Aperture for Step Index Fiber
Numerical Aperture for graded Index Fiber
( )
2 2
1 2
1/2
2
2 2
0 0
1/2
2
0 2
,
.
1 2 1 2
1
In the graded index fiber for a parabolic profilethe numerical aperture is a function of
position across the core
NA n n
r
n n
a
r
=n 2
a
NA(r=
=
(
| |
= A A (
`
|
\ .
(
)
(
| |
A
( |
\ .
0
2
For a graded index fiber
0): numerical aperture at t
numerical aperture decrease
he centre of the fi
with increasing r
bre core (Axial NA).
NA=
and becomes
zero at r .
n
=a
A
Number of Modes and Cut-off Parameters of Fibers
The number of electromagnetic modes supported by an optical fiber is
described by dimensionless called V-number. It is also called normalized
frequency and is given by
Mathematically V- number is expressed as,
A large number of modes can propagate in a multimode fiber for a given value
of V. When V > total number of modes which the fiber will support is expressed
as,
2 2
1 2
( )
o o
d d
V n n or, V NA
t t
= ~
2
2
V
Number of Modes (N) ~
2 2
1 2
2
2.405
c
a
n n
t
=
When V 2.405 only one mode called fundamental mode can propagate
through the fiber. An optical that supported only one fundamental mode is
called a single mode fiber.
The wavelength at which the fiber becomes single mode is termed as the cut-off
wavelength c and for all wavelengths greater than the cutoff wavelength the
fiber is said to be single-mode . At cut-off condition V
cut-off
= 2.405 so that
When V increases above 2.405 the number of modes rise.
1/2
0
2
2 2.405 1
c
o
For GRIN
d
V n andV
g
t
A
| |
= = +
|
\ .
Numerical : Compute the maximum value of A ( relative
refractive index) and n
2
(cladding) of a single mode
fibre of core diameter 10 m and core refractive
index 1.5. The fibre is coupled to a light source with a
of 1.3m. V cut-off for single mode propagation is
2.405. Also calculate the acceptance angle.
2 2
1 2
2
1
2
n n
relative difference of index
n
A
=
A=0.0022
n
2
(cladding)=1.497
Acceptance angle = 5.71deg
Graded Index Fiber
In the graded index multimode fiber. The number of modes is expressed (provided
the number modes is more than 50) as.
2
0
;
2 2
g V
N
g
d
V NA
t
| |
~
|
+
\ .
=
Q3/Tut 4. A graded index fibre has a core diameter 40 m, NA = 0.21 and index
profile = 1.85. Compute the number of modes at operating wavelength of 1.3 m.
2
2
;
2 2
2
4
g V
N
g
For parabolic profile
V
N
o
| |
~
|
+
\ .
=
The reduction in amplitude (or power) and intensity of
a signal as it is guided through an optical fibre is
called attenuation.
Attenuation and Signal Losses in Optical Fibers
( )
( )
.
, ( )
out
Attenuation losses in optical fibers are generally measured in terms of the decibel dB
Due to attenuation the power output P at the end of 1 km of optical fibre drops to
some fraction say k of th ( ) , ,
in
e input power P that is
out in
2
out in
L L
out
out in
in
P k P
After 2 km P k P
P
Similarly after L km P =k P or, k
P
=
=
=
Attenuation coefficient
10log
10
log
10log
L
out
o
i
ut
i
n
n
Taking log of
k
both sides and then multip
where is the atte
ly by 10 gives power loss in dB as
P
Power Loss
nuation coefficient of the fiber in dB/km.
P
=
(dB) =10 log k L L
L P
P
o
o
o
= = =
|
/ dB km
|
|
\ .
10
log /
out
in
P
To indicate loss we introduce negative sign in the expression dB km
L P
o
| |
=
|
\ .
The reduction in amplitude (or power) and intensity of
a signal as it is guided through an optical fibre is
called attenuation.
The loss of optical power and decrease in signal
strength along a fibre are due to
Absorption losses
Rayleigh scattering losses
Waveguide scattering losses
bending losses,
connector loss, splice loss, loss at terminals etc.
Attenuation and Signal Losses in Optical Fibers
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Absorption losses
Attenuation and Signal Losses in Optical Fibers
Bending: Macrobending and Microbending losses
Attenuation and Signal Losses in Optical Fibers
Thus micro-bending is the loss caused by micro deformations of
the fiber axis.
Bending: Macrobending
Attenuation and Signal Losses in Optical Fibers
Thus macro-bending is the loss caused by the curvature of the
entire fiber axis
Direction of propagation
Curved Section:
this ray now exceeds critical angle,
enters cladding and is lost
Straight section :
All rays are bound
Other rays still do not
exceed critical angle and
remain bound
Scattering losses
Even a very small change in cores refractive index will be seen by a
traveling beam as an optical obstacle which will change the direction
of the original beam.
Attenuation and Signal Losses in Optical Fibers
The reduction in amplitude (or power) and intensity of a signal
as it is guided through an optical fibre is called attenuation.
A fibre with a lower attenuation will allow more power to
reach a receiver than with a higher attenuation. The loss of
optical power and decrease in signal strength along a fibre are
due to the absorption of light energy by the material of the
fibre, scattering of light due to impurities and imperfections
present in the fibre material. Loss of energy also occurs due to
small bumps or variation in the surface of the core.
Additional channel losses are: bending losses, connector loss,
splice loss, loss at terminals etc. All these phenomena
contribute to the degradation of the fibre transmission.