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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory

1-1. Basic principles of PV

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1.Basic principle of PV
Contents 1-1. Basic principles of PV 1-1-1. Mechanism of generation 1-1-2. Various type of PV cell 1-1-3. Installation example 1-1-4. Basic characteristic 1-1-5. Case sturdy

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

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1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Mechanism of generation
The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons, negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors. Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric current flows between the two electrodes.

Electrode Reflect-Proof Film Solar Energy N-Type Semiconductor P-Type Semiconductor Electric Current
3

Load
Electrode

Photo Voltaic cell

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Direction of current inside PV cell
Inside current of PV cell looks like Reverse direction. Why?

By Solar Energy, current is pumped up from N-pole to P-pole.

In generation, current appears reverse. It is the same as for battery.

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N
P

Current appears to be in the reverse direction ?

Looks like reverse

N
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve )
P

A
(A)
N

Voltage on normal operation point 0.5V (in case of Silicon PV) Current depend on - Intensity of insolation - Size of cell Normal operation point (Maximum Power point)

Short Circuit

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High insolation

Current(I)

Low insolation

IxV=W
(V)

Open Circuit

Voltage(V)

about 0.5V (Silicon)

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Typical I-V Curve
(A) Depend on cell-size Depend on Solar insolation

5.55A 4.95A

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Current(I)

Depend on type of cell or cell-material ( Si = 0.5V ) (V)

Voltage(V)

0.49 V 0.62 V
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell
Conversion Efficiency of Module
Single crystal Crystalline Silicon Semiconductor Poly crystalline Non-crystalline Amorphous

10 - 17% 10 - 13%

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7 - 10%
18 - 30% 7 - 8%

Solar Cell

Compound Semiconductor

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

Dye-sensitized Type
Organic Semiconductor Organic Thin Layer Type

2 - 3%

Electric Energy Output x 100% Conversion Efficiency = Energy of Insolation on cell

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Crystal cell (Single crystal and Poly crystalline Silicon) Single crystal Poly crystalline

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Formed by melting high purity silicon like as Integrated Circuit

For mass production, cell is sliced from roughly crystallized ingot.

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Surface of PV cell
Example of Poly Crystalline PV Aluminum Electrode (Silver colored wire) To avoid shading, electrode is very fine.

Anti reflection film (Blue colored film)

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Front Surface (N-Type side) Back surface is Ptype.

All back surface is aluminum electrode with full reflection.

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

PV Module (Single crystal, Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal Poly crystalline

128W (26.5V , 4.8A)

1200mm

120W (25.7V , 4.7A)

1200mm

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(3.93ft)

3.93ft

800mm 2.62ft

Same size

800mm (2.62ft)

Efficiency is higher

Efficiency is lower
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Hierarchy of PV
Volt
Cell 0.5V

Ampere
5-6A 5-6A

Watt
2-3W

Size
about 10cm

Module 20-30V Array

100-200W about 1m about 30m

200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW

Array
10 - 50 kW

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Module,Panel
100 - 200 W

23W

Cell

6x9=54 (cells)

100-300 (modules)
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Roughly size of PV Power Station.
How much PV can we install in this conference room?

1 kw PV need 10

m2

Please remember

(108 feet2)

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20m(66feet)

Conference Room (We are now)

Our room has about 200 m2

(2,178 feet2)

We can install about 20 kW PV in this room

10m(33feet)
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Roof top of residence ( Grid connected )
Owner can sell excess power to power utility.

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Most popular installation style in Japan. (Almost 85% PV in Japan )

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

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1-1-3. Installation example

Roof top of school ,community-center building. (For education and emergency power)

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

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1-1-3. Installation example

Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid )

Advertising sign beside highway Relay station on top of mountain

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Mountain lodge ( Off grid )

Inverter and controller

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1.2kW system

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Stationary power station (Grid connected ) e8 & PPA project in Tuvalu
30kW array 10kW array

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Site: Installation: Capacity: Purpose:

Funafuti Tuvalu Feb. in 2008 40kW Grid connected power supply for fuel conservation and CO2 reduction.
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Stationary power station (Off grid or mini grid )
Site:
Purpose:

Mongolia
For lighting, refrigerator and outlet in a hospital.

Installation: May & June in 1999

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Solar cell capacity: 3.4kW Wind Power capacity: 1.8kW Inverter capacity: 5kVA

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Solar Home System (SHS) Solar array
Solar array
Solar array

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Controller Light Solar array Storage battery

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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

I / V curve and P-Max control
P

A V

To obtain maximum power, current control (or voltage control) is very important.

(A)

P1
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Ipmax
Current(I)

I/V curve

Power conditioner (mentioned later) will adjusts to be most suitable PMAX voltage and current automatically. P- Max control

IxV=W

Power curve

P2
(V)

Voltage(V)

Vpmax
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

Estimate obtained power by I / V curve
P

R 0.05()
(A) 12

If the load has 0.05 ohm resistance, cross point of resistance character and PV-Character will be following point. Then power is 10x0.5=5 W

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PV character ( I/V curve )

R 0.05()
Ohms theory

Current(I)

8 6 4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

I V / 0.05
(V)

V I R

Voltage(V)
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

I / V curve vs. Insolation intensity
Current is affected largely by change of insolation intensity. Partially shaded serial cell will produce current mismatch. (A) P 5A N P 1A
High intensity insolation

Mismatch

Bypass Diode

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N
5A

Current(I)

P
Low intensity insolation

1A N P 1A

5A

Bypass Diode

IxV=W
(V)

4A
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

Temperature and efficiency
When module temperature rises up, efficiency decreases.
The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc.

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Efficiency (%)

12 10

2% down

Crystalline cell

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Amorphous cell

8 6 4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Module Temperature (deg.C)
Typical (25C)

Summer time on roof top (65C)

80

90

100
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-5. Case sturdy

1.Maximum power control
Q : Calculate how much power you can get by following three resistance. ( I / V curve is next page)
P

R 0.02()
N

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R 0.05()
N P

R 0.10()
N
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-5. Case sturdy

1.Maximum power control
(A) 12 10 I/V curve of current insolation.

V I R

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Current(I)

8 6

4
2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
25

(V)

Voltage(V)

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-5. Case sturdy

2.Temperature vs. Efficiency
Q: There is 50 kW Crystalline PV system. If surface temperature rises from 25C to 65C, How much the capacity will be?

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