An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real

time computing constraints. Embedded systems contain processing cores that are either microcontrollers or Digital Signal Processors.

ATMS Global Positioning Systems Security Systems Elevators Bar Code Equipments Robotics Telephone Exchanges

It is an integrated set of programs that controls the resources (CPU, I/O devices etc) of a computer system and provides its users with an interface that is easier to use. Examples:- Android, MAC OS, Windows, Linux etc

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to serve realtime application requests. It should be able to meet the require deadline in a particular time. Besides meeting deadlines RTOS must also be able to respond predictably to unpredictable events.

Hard Real Time Systems- It is a system in which computation has no value if the time constraints are not met. A missed deadline can
result in catastrophic failure of the system.

Examples- air bags in car, control systems for industrial processes, missiles, aircraft flight control etc. Soft Real Time Systems- These systems are not too much time bounded i.e. missing a deadline is acceptable. Deadlines may be missed
occasionally, but system doesnt fail and also, system quality is acceptable. Examples audio/video streaming systems

Multithreading and preemptability - The scheduler should be able to preempt any task in the system and allocate the resource to the thread. Priority - All tasks are assigned priority level to facilitate pre-emption. The highest priority task that is ready to run will be the task that will be running. Short Latencies - The latencies are short and predefined

wake up

have breakfast

set home safety system..

get into your car

on your way to your office

Mission critical controls Nuclear plant control, aircraft navigation military equipment Medical equipment Communication Toy, etc Real-time embedded systems have been deeply ingrained in our life

Determinism- Deterministic timing means that the OS consume only known and expected amounts of time. RTOS have their worst case latency defined. Latency is not of a concern for General Purpose OS. Task Scheduling-GPOS are optimized to run a variety of applications and processes simultaneously. RTOS uses priority-based preemptive scheduling, which allows highpriority threads to meet their deadlines consistently.

Example of car, BREAKS. whenever you are pressing car breaks immediately car has to stop if not chance of accident may occur. Here time becomes significant factor. Time constraints Handles many processes at one time

TASK 1

TASK 2

PRIORITY ADDRESS READY

CREATE TASK

START TASK

WAIT

START

SCHEDULAR OS

 Different

RTOS are available in the market - Proprietary Property of an organization Have to pay for it Mostly closed source -Freeware Developed by either community or an organization Most times open source Most times the open source code is free

RTOS Windows CE

APPLICATIONS/ FEATURES Used for Small footprint, mobile & connected devices Supported by ARM,MIPS, SH4 & x86 architectures Complex, hard real-time applications POSIX-compatible, multiprocess, multithreaded OS. Supported by x86, ARM, PowerPC architectures Most widely adopted RTOS in the embedded industry. Used in famous NASA rover robot Spirit Certifed by several agencies and international standards for real time systems, reliability and security-critical applications.

LynxOS

VxWorks