Tooth Development - I

Man-Kyo Chung, DMD, PhD (mchung@umaryland.edu) Assistant Professor Department of Neural and Pain Sciences University of Maryland Dental School

zygote (a cell from fertilization)

Developmental histology of tooth

development

Whole organism > organ

Ex) human heart

> tissue
muscle

> cell
myocyte

> cellular organelle

nucleus

Gross anatomy
Methods) naked eye

microscopic anatomy (histology)

light microscopy electron microscopy

zygote

Two types of cells give rise to teeth

Enamel Dentin Pulp

epithelial cells

ectomesenchymal cells

(increase in number) (change in location)

Proliferation

Cementum

Migration

Differentiation
(specialization)
Ameloblasts forming enamel Odontoblasts forming dentin Cementoblasts forming cementum

Early embryonic development

<1 wk

~2 wks

bilaminar germ disc

Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988

<trilaminar germ disc>

Ectoderm

(tissues covering outside the body / epidermis, hair etc)

Mesoderm ~3 wks

(connective tissues / heart, muscle, blood cells, bone, dermis etc)

Endoderm

(tissues lining inside the body / lung, stomach, intestine, liver etc)

Tissues originated from ectoderm besides epidermis

ectoderm epithelium

3. connective tissues of head and neck (bone, cartilage, muscles, tooth etc)

(Ectomesenchymal origin) ectodermal origin embryonic connective tissue

neural crest neural tube

2. sensory ganglia

1. brain (neuroectodermal origin)

Location of tooth formation

6 weeks old embryo
nasal septum
Coronal section

Maxillary process
eye auricle tongue

Mandibular process

Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988

Oral epithelium of maxillary and mandibular processes

Stages of tooth development

1. Bud stage
(epithelial ingrowth into ectomesenchyme)

2. Cap stage
(further epithelial growth)

3. Bell stage
(histo- and morpho-differentiation)

4. Appositional stage (mineralization)

(formation of enamel and dentin of crown)

5. Root formation

(formation of dentin and cementum of root)

6. Eruption
Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988

Bud stage
Dental lamina - outgrowth of horse shoe-shaped epithelial band from oral epithelium - one dental lamina per arch developing maxillalry bone - 10 tooth buds per lamina
palate tongue

Mx

dental lamina tooth bud

Mn

developing mandibular bone http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Bud stage

Mx

vestibular lamina
vestibule

Mn

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Bud stage

ectomesenchymal cells

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Bud stage

condensation of ectomesenchymal cells around tooth bud

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Cap stage

1. Enamel organ (=dental organ)

(proliferation of epithelial cells)

2 2. Dental papilla
(condensation of ectomesenchymal cells)

3. Dental sac (=dental follicle)

(capsule like condensation of ectomesenchymal cells)

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Future tooth products

3 1. Enamel organ
enamel

2 2. Dental papilla
dentin pulp

3. Dental sac
cementum periodontal ligament alveolar bone connective tissues of gingiva

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Tooth germ means

1. Enamel organ

+
2 2. Dental papilla

+
1 3. Dental follicle

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Differentiation of enamel organ

Transformation of a cell mass into morphologically and functionally distinct components Enamel organ

Secreting proteoglycan
desmosome

(absorbing water increase extracellular space)

Flattened (squamous or cuboidal)

Star shaped
Elongated and polarized (columnar) 1) Outer enamel epithelium 2) Stellate reticulum 3) Inner enamel epithelium

Enamel organ of cap stage

3 1) Inner enamel ep 2 4 2) Outer enamel ep 3) Cervical loop
(inner+outer enamel ep.)

5 6

4) Stellate reticulum

5) Enamel knot 6) Enamel cord 7 7) Enamel navel

transient structure during cap stage

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Enamel organ of cap stage

3

1
2 4

1) Inner enamel ep

generate enamel

2) Outer enamel ep 3) Cervical loop

root formation

5 6

4) Stellate reticulum
(protect inner enamel ep.)

5) Enamel knot
location of cusp?

6) Enamel cord 7 7) Enamel navel

transient structure during cap stage

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Tooth germ of late cap stage

(tooth bud of permanent tooth)

Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988

Bell stage
4 1 2 3

1. Tooth shape is identifiable. 2. Further differentiation of enamel organ 1) outer enamel ep. 2) inner enamel ep. 3) stellate reticulum 4) stratum intermedium

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Bell stage
4 1 2 3

1. Tooth shape is identifiable. 2. Further differentiation of enamel organ 1) outer enamel ep. 2) inner enamel ep. 3) stellate reticulum 4) stratum intermedium

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

stratum intermedium

inner enamel ep

basement membrane
dental papilla

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Bell stage

Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988

Differentiation of inner enamel ep.

Cusp tip differentiated to ameloblast without proliferation
older taller polarized

root

younger shorter unpolarized

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Keep proliferating and migrate downward

cap stage

bell stage

appositional stage

cap stage

bell stage

appositional stage

Appositional stage
Stage of mineralization 1 2 3 4 5 blood vessels 6
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

1. oral ep. 2. outer enamel ep. 3. stellate reticulum 4. inner enamel ep. 5. dental papilla 6. cervical loop

Cap

Epithelial and mesenchymal cells interact 1 throughout mesenchymal oral epithelium cells tooth formation dental lamina
1
signal
epithelium

bell

bud

mesenchyme

proliferation mineralization

1
bud

mesenchymal cells

oral epithelium dental lamina

Cap

Epithelial mesenchyaml interaction

2
bell

inner enamel epithelium preameloblast

2
Preodontoblasts Preameloblasts 1 b c 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a

preodontoblast
a b c d

d
e f g h i j 8 9 10 11 6 7

mineralization

e f g h i

mesenchyme

epithelium

k l m

12
13

3 1
bud
Predentin (dentin matrix)

mesenchymal cells

oral epithelium dental lamina

odontoblasts

preameloblasts

Cap

2
bell

inner enamel epithelium preameloblast

preodontoblast

odontoblast Predentin
mineralization

3
ameloblast enamel matrix enamel

dentin

enamel matrix ameloblasts

dentin

Appositional stage
6 a. predentin b. dentin c. enamel 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ameloblasts preameloblasts odontoblasts preodontoblasts dental papilla stratum intermedium

a 3 5 4
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

stratum intermedium

ameloblasts enamel dentin predentin

odontoblasts

http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php

Developmental lobes
groove (junction of 2 lobes)

tooth germ of mandibular molar

cusp

Pit (junction of >3 lobes)

Initiation of mineralization at 5 points

continued mineralization toward cervical direction

Coalescence of 5 segments
Developmental lobes

Biomineralization
Concrete = metal framework + cement

Dentin Enamel

= =

collagen amelogenin
resorbable

+ hydroxyapatite crystals + hydroxyapatite crystals

allows further packing of crystals inorganic component, hardness enamel >>> dentin

Essential components of calcification

1 2 3 Alkaline phosphatase (supply phosphate) Pyrophosphatase (hydrolyze pyrophosphate)
ATP

Ca2+ + PO43-

pyrophosphate
AMP

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Matrix vesicles
Contain essential components Contain seed of crystal Released from odontoblasts to collagen matrix

Acid can reverse calcification

Ca2+ + PO43-

acid
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

acidogenic bacteria

Dental caries decalcification of inorganic tooth substances by acid produced by bacteria Only very limited remineralization can occur in tooth. (cf: bone maintains a balance between mineralization and demineralization )

Appositional stage
Reduced stellate reticulum

(alkaline phosphatase )

(predentin)

dentinoenamel junction
Mantle

Aprismatic

(collagen fibers of mantle dentin)

odontoblasts

Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988