CHEE 311 Lecture 16 1

Correlation of Liquid Phase Data SVNA 12.1

Purpose of this lecture:
To show how activity coefficients can be calculated by means of
(published) tabulated data of G
E
vs. mixture composition for binary
mixtures

Highlights
In binary systems, excess Gibbs energy data, plotted in the form
G
E
/RTx
1
x
2
, often follows a linear relationship with respect to mixture
composition for a wide range of mole fraction values
Simple models for G
E
, such as the Redlich/Kister and Symmetric
Equation, can be used satisfactorily for binary mixtures

Reading assignment: Section 12.1 and 11.9 (refresher)
CHEE 311 Lecture 16 2
7. Correlation of Liquid Phase Data SVNA 12.1
The complexity of molecular interactions in non-ideal systems
makes prediction of liquid phase properties difficult.
Experimentation on the system of interest at the conditions
(P,T,composition) of interest is needed.
Previously, we discussed the use of low-pressure VLE data
for the calculation of liquid phase activity coefficients.

As practicing engineers, you will rarely have the time to conduct
your own experiments.
You must rely on correlations of data developed by other
researchers.
These correlations are empirical models (with limited
fundamental basis) that reduce experimental data to
mathematical equations.

CHEE 311 Lecture 16 3
Correlation of Liquid Phase Data
Recall our development of activity coefficients on the basis of the
partial excess Gibbs energy :

where the partial molar Gibbs energy of the non-ideal model is
provided by equation 10.42:


and the ideal solution chemical potential is:


Leaving us with the partial excess Gibbs energy:




(11.91)
id
i
i
E
i
G G G =
l
i
l
i
i i
f

ln RT ) T ( G + I = =
l
i i i
id
i
id
i
f x ln RT ) T ( G + I = =
i
l
i i
l
i
l
i i
l
i
E
i
ln RT
f x
f

ln RT
f x ln RT f

ln RT G
=
=
=
CHEE 311 Lecture 16 4
Correlation of Liquid Phase Data
The partial excess Gibbs energy is defined by:



In terms of the activity coefficient,

(11.96)


ln(
i
) is a partial molar property

G
E
/RT and activity coefficients are related using the summability
relationship for partial properties.

(11.99)

This information leads to useful correlations for activity coefficients.
=
c
c
=
nj P T
i
E
i
n
RT nG
, ,
) / (
ln

=
i
i i
E
ln x
RT
G
nj , P , T
i
E
E
i
n
) nG (
G
c
c
=
CHEE 311 Lecture 16 5
Correlation of Liquid Phase Data
We can now process our MEK/toluene data one step further to give
the excess Gibbs energy,
G
E
/RT = x
1
ln
1
+ x
2
ln
2

CHEE 311 Lecture 16 6
Correlation of Liquid Phase Data
Note that G
E
/(RTx
1
x
2
) is reasonably represented by a linear
function of x
1
for this system. This is the foundation for the simplest
correlations for experimental activity coefficient data
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
sat
1 1
1
1
P x
P y
ln ln
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
sat
2 2
2
2
P x
P y
ln ln
2 2 1 1
E
ln x ln x RT / G + =
CHEE 311 Lecture 16 7
Correlation of Liquid Phase Data
The chloroform/1,4-dioxane system
exhibits a negative deviation from
Raoults Law.


This low pressure VLE data can be
processed in the same manner as the
MEK/toluene system to yield both
activity coefficients and the excess
Gibbs energy of the overall system.
CHEE 311 Lecture 16 8
Correlation of Liquid Phase Data
Note that in this example, the activity
coefficients are less than one, and
the excess Gibbs energy is negative.

In spite of the this difference from
the MEK/toluene system behaviour,
the plot of G
E
/x
1
x
2
RT is well
approximated by a line.
CHEE 311 Lecture 16 9
Models for the Excess Gibbs Energy
Models that represent the excess Gibbs energy have several
purposes:
they reduce experimental data down to a few parameters
they facilitate computerized calculation of liquid phase
properties by providing equations from tabulated data
In some cases, we can use binary data (A-B, A-C, B-C) to
calculate the properties of multi-component mixtures (A,B,C)

A series of G
E
equations for activity coefficients are derived from
the Redlich/Kister expansion:



Equations of this form fit excess Gibbs energy data quite well.
However, they are empirical and cannot be generalized for multi-
component (3
+
) mixtures or multiple temperatures.

) T t tan cons ( ) x x ( D ) x x ( C B
x RTx
G
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
E
+ + =
CHEE 311 Lecture 16 10
Symmetric Equation for Binary Mixtures
The simplest Redlich/Kister expansion results from C=D==0



To calculate activity coefficients, we express G
E
in terms of moles:
n
1
and n
2.




And through differentiation,




we find:
B
x RTx
G
2 1
E
=
) (
2 1
2 1
n n
n n B
RT
nG
E
+
=
2 n , P , T
1
E
1
n
) RT / nG (
ln
c
c
=
2
1 2
2
2 1
Bx ln and Bx ln = =