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Figure 62-3 Membrane potentials in intestinal smooth muscle. Note the slow waves, the spike potentials, total depolarization, and hyperpolarization, all of which occur under different physiologic conditions of the intestine.
Figure 62-4 Neural control of the gut wall, showing (1) the myenteric and submucosal plexuses (black fibers); (2) extrinsic control of these plexuses by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (red fibers); and (3) sensory fibers passing from the luminal epithelium and gut wall to the enteric plexuses, then to the prevertebral ganglia of the spinal cord and directly to the spinal cord and brain stem (dashed fibers).
Figure 62-7 Arterial blood supply to the intestines through the mesenteric web.
Figure 62-8 Microvasculature of the villus, showing a countercurrent arrangement of blood flow in the arterioles and venules.
Figure 63-6 Afferent and efferent pathways of the parasympathetic mechanism for enhancing the defecation reflex.
Figure 64-1 Typical function of a glandular cell for formation and secretion of enzymes and other secretory substances.
Figure 64-6 Postulated mechanism for secretion of hydrochloric acid. (The points labeled "P" indicate active pumps, and the dashed lines represent free diffusion and osmosis.)
Figure 64-8 Secretion of isosmotic sodium bicarbonate solution by the pancreatic ductules and ducts.
Figure 64-9 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), water, and enzyme secretion by the pancreas, caused by the presence of acid (HCl), fat (soap), or peptone solutions in the duodenum.
Figure 64-13 A crypt of Lieberkühn, found in all parts of the small intestine between the villi, which secretes almost pure extracellular fluid.
Figure 65-5 Longitudinal section of the small intestine, showing the valvulae conniventes covered by villi.
Figure 65-6 Functional organization of the villus. A, Longitudinal section. B, Cross section showing a basement membrane beneath the epithelial cells and a brush border at the other ends of these cells.
Figure 65-6 Functional organization of the villus. A, Longitudinal section. B, Cross section showing a basement membrane beneath the epithelial cells and a brush border at the other ends of these cells.
Figure 65-7 Brush border of a gastrointestinal epithelial cell, showing also absorbed pinocytic vesicles, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum lying immediately beneath the brush border. (Courtesy Dr. William Lockwood.)
Figure 65-8 Absorption of sodium through the intestinal epithelium. Note also osmotic absorption of water-that is, water "follows" sodium through the epithelial membrane.
Figure 66-2 Neutral connections of the "vomiting center." This so-called vomiting center includes multiple sensory, motor, and control nuclei mainly in the medullary and pontile reticular formation but also extending into the spinal cord.
Figure 67-1 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the central link between energy-producing and energy-utilizing systems of the body. ADP, adenosine diphosphate; Pi, inorganic phosphate.
Figure 67-3 Interconversions of the three major monosaccharides-glucose, fructose, and galactose-in liver cells.
Figure 67-4 Chemical reactions of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, showing also interconversions between blood glucose and liver glycogen. (The phosphatase required for the release of glucose from the cell is present in liver cells but not in most other cells.)