NHRP(Next HOP Resolution Protocol)

For a node to establish a connection belonging to different LIS, the source node must have the mapping between the ATM address and IP address. So to provide mapping between ATM end systems and IP address in different LIS we use NHRP. If a node is not directly connected to ATM network, then NHRP determines egress point from ATM network to reach the destination. NHRP is useful in host-host , host-router and routerrouter communications. NHRP can produce routing loops.

NBMA networks and modeling

NHRP work on non-broadcast multi-access n/w NBMA consists of set of nodes interconnected by using point-to-point and point-tomultipoint links. NBMA n/w are modeled using concept of LIS and LAG-local address group The difference between the two is the way local/remote forwarding decision is made.

NHRP Components
Defines two entities-NHS and NHRP client. A NHS is entity within the logical sub-network that receives NHRP address resolution requests from NHC and responds by sending the mapping between ATM and IP addresses. An NHRP client is an entity that initiates NHRP requests in order to access to various NHRP services. All requests initiated by NHRP client are sent to NHS.

Components
Each NHS has associated NHCs for which it provides address resolution services. NHC first registers itself with and NHS providing its IP address and the ATM address. Each subnet has NHS associated with it to which all resolution requests are forwarded.

 When S wants to connect with D then it checks the mapping of IP address of D with ATM address of D in local cache. if found then establish a virtual connection. Otherwise pass it to NHRP server. Then NHRP resolution request is sent to NHS. then NHs searches its own cache for the mapping. If the mapping is available, an NHRP resolution reply is sent to the NHRP client. otherwise NHS forwards the request to another NHS.

NHRP address resolution

 The IP address is used to determine the nexthop NHS. The next hop NHS examines the request message and checks if it serves the destination address present in the request. If mapping found then request is forwarded to the NHRP client otherwise to next NHS. NHS may perform-drop the packet -Keep the data in buffers until NHRP resolution. -Forward the packet along the routed path.

Caching and purging

Each NHS and NHC maintains a cache. if the mapping is already found in the NHC cache then request is not forwarded. NHS also maintains the cache to store mappings between IP and ATM addresses. it contains entries from two sources-first set of entries corresponding to mapping of hosts, and second corresponds to mapping obtained while interacting with other NHS entities.

MPOA-multi protocol over ATM Components

MPOA client-it is the host attached to the ATM network that forward data from non-ATM networks to ATM networks. MPOA client act as entry(ingress) and exit(egress) point in a MPOA network. At entry point it is used to detect the significant flow between two end systems and initiate procedures to establish shortcut routes. At exit point it is used to receive data and forward it to local interface/users

 MPOA server-it is a component of the router that provides necessary forwarding information to MPOA clients. it includes NHS.