Application of Compressors

Prof. Dr: Nazih Noaman Bayomi

1- Gas Turbines

A Single Shaft Gas Turbine Engine

Compressor Combustion Chamber Turbine

Marine Gas Turbine Engine

Axial Compressor Combustion Chamber Axial Turbine

Gas Turbine Component

Compressor Combustion Chamber Turbine Shaft

Gas Turbine Component

Gas Turbine

Gas Turbine

Open System Gas Turbine Cycle

Open Cycle Gas Turbine

Closed System Gas Turbine Cycle

Gas Turbine

Gas Turbine with Regeneration

A Split Shaft Gas Turbine Engine

Compressor Combustion Chamber High Pressure Turbine Low Pressure Turbine

Ideal Brayton Cycle (Air Standard)

A Split Shaft Gas Turbine Engine

New System for Gas Turbine

A Schematic of a Cutaway of a Small Gas Turbine Used in Helicopter or Vehicular Applications

Combined Cycle

Combined Gas Steam Power Plant

Combined Gas Steam Power Plant

2- Turbocharger

What is a turbocharger?
A turbocharger is a device fitted to internal combustion engines to increase power. In a normal car engine the amount of power the engine produces depends on how much fuel is being burnt in the cylinders. In a non-turbocharged engine a mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the engine as the piston moves down in the cylinder. The ideal mixture is 14.7:1 air to fuel (by weight) for gasoline. This is called the stoichiometric ratio. If you always try to maintain this ratio then if you add more air to an engine you must add more fuel. And if you are burning more fuel you will generate more power. The turbocharger is simply a device to force more air into the engine.

Definition of Turbocharger
A turbocharger is a device used in internal-combustion engines to increase the power output of the engine by increasing the mass of oxygen and fuel entering the engine.
A key advantage of turbochargers is that they offer a considerable increase in engine power with only a slight increase in weight.

 A key disadvantage in gasoline engines is that the compression ratio must be lowered (so as not to exceed maximum compression pressure) which lowers engine efficiency when operating at low power. This disadvantage does not apply to specifically designed turbocharged diesel engines.

Turbocharger
Compressor Turbine Charge Air cooler Engine Cylinder Radial Turbine

Turbocharger
Compressor Turbine

Turbocharger

Turbocharger

Turbocharger

Turbocharger

1 Turbine wheel with shaft 2 Compressor wheel 3 Bearing casing 4 Bearing bushes 5 Gas-admission casing

6 Nozzle ring 7 Gas outlet diffuser 8 Compressor casing 9 Diffuser 10 Silencer

Turbocharger

Radial Turbine

3- Diaphragm Pump

Prof. Dr: Nazih Noaman Bayomi

Double Diaphragm Pump

Diaphragm pumps are very common and come in many sizes. Modern plastics are flexible and long lasting making this an ideal low-maintenance pump for many applications.

Double Diaphragm Pump

Diaphragm Pump
The Air Operated Double Diaphragm pump is illustrated on the right. This pump uses a very simple valve system to move the DIAPHRAGM ROD. The flexible diaphragms (shown in white here) are round disks attached at each end of the Diaphragm Rod.

Diaphragm Pump
The PILOT SPOOL (the middle of the three horizontal rods) is pushed back and forth whenever the Diaphragm Rod reaches the end of its throw. The Pilot Spool allows air to move the Air Distribution Valve (the top rod in this drawing) back and forth.

The AIR DISTRIBUTION ROD controls air flow to the left or right air chamber, reversing on each stroke.

Diaphragm Pump

The four BALL VALVES are free-floating and operated by pressure differences in the pumped liquid. Flapper valves are also commonly used. In the pump shown, liquid flow is from the bottom to the top. Sanitary Double Diaphragm pumps, often made of plastic and/or stainless steel, are used in the food industry to pump everything from sliced fruit, to sausage, to chocolate.

Diaphragm Pump

Diaphragm Pump

Operation of Diaphragm Pump

Cross-section of an air-operated doublediaphragm pump with ball check valves (Ingersoll-Rand Fluid Products)

Diaphragm Pump

All Flo Diaphragm Pump

Diaphragm Pump

Non-metallic material Metal

Wilden Diaphragm Pump

ARO airoperated doublediaphragm pump with flap check valves (Ingersoll-Rand Fluid Products)

All Flo Diaphragm Pump

Air control valve system

4- Air Lift Pump

Air Lift Pump

The Air Lift Pump is a type of deep well pump, sometimes used to remove water from mines. It can also be used to pump a slurry of sand and water or other "gritty" solutions. In its most basic form this pump has NO moving parts, other than an air compressor. The efficiency of the air compressor is a prime factor in determining the overall efficiency of the pump. Increased efficiency in the pump itself can be achieved - but with added complexity. Shown here is a simple Air Lift Pump.

Air Lift Pump

Compressed air is piped down a shaft. The air then returns up a Discharge Pipe carrying water with it. The pump works by "aerating" the water in the discharge pipe. The added air lowers the specific gravity of the fluid mixture. Since it is lighter than the surrounding water, it is pushed upwards. This type of pump can lift 20 to 2000 gallons per minute, up to about 750 feet. The discharge pipe must be placed deep into the water, from 70% of the height of the pipe above the water level (for lifts to 20 feet) down to 40 percent for higher lifts.

Air Lift Pump

Thank you for your attention