Resistance

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.

Resistor Color Code

Manufacturers typically use a color band system known as the resistor color code Within this power point, you will learn how to identify the nominal resistance and the tolerance of a resistor There is a common mnemonic to remember is B.B ROY Of Great Britain has a Very Good Will For resistors with 5% or 10% tolerance, the color code consists of 4 color bands. For resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance, the color code consists of 5 bands

Example 1. Determine the nominal resistance value and the tolerance for the resistor shown below.

Solution:
Brown =1 Black =0 Red =2

Gold = 5%

2 1 0 5 % ___ ___ 10 ____

Nominal value = 10102 = 1,000 Tolerance = 5%.

Example 2. a) Determine the nominal value and tolerance for the resistor below. b) What is the minimum resistance value this resistor can actually have? c) What is the maximum resistance value this resistor can actually have?

Solution:

Yellow =4

Violet =7

Orange =3

Gold = 5%

4 ___ 7 10 ___

5 % ____

Resistor nominal value = 47103 = 47,000 = 47k. Tolerance = 5%

Solution: continued
Minimum resistance value: Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then subtract this from the nominal value:

47k 47k * 0.05 47k 2.35k 44.65k

Maximum resistance value: Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then add this to the nominal value:

47k 47k * 0.05 47k 2.35k 49.35k

5-Band Resistors
For resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance, the color code consists of 5 bands.

The template for 5-band resistors is:

1st Band = 1st Significant Digit

2nd Band = 2nd Significant Digit

3rd Band = 3rd Significant Digit

4th Band = Multiplier

5th Band = Tolerance

___ ___ ___ 10 ____ %

Bread board
A breadboard (protoboard) is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. The term is commonly used to refer to solderless breadboard (plugboard). Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design.

Components used
Ammeters Voltmeters Wattmeters RPS

A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit, or stand alone unit, the function of which is to supply a stable voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device that must be operated within certain power supply limits. The output from the regulated power supply may be alternating or unidirectional, but is nearly always DC .

INDUCTOR
An inductor (also choke, coil, or reactor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in its magnetic field. For comparison, a capacitor stores energy in an electric field, and a resistor does not store energy but rather dissipates energy as heat. Any conductor has inductance. An inductor is typically made of a wire or other conductor wound into a coil, to increase the magnetic field.

When the current flowing through an inductor changes, a time-varying magnetic field is created inside the coil, and a voltage is induced, according to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in current that created it. Inductors are one of the basic components used in electronics where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents.

CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive twoterminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

 Power rating of resistors

when a voltage is dropped across a resistor, a current will be passed through the resistor producing a product of power. In other words, if a resistor is subjected to a voltage, or if it conducts a current, then it will always consume power and we can superimpose these three quantities of power, voltage and current into a triangle called a Power Triangle

 [P=VxI] Power = Volts x Amps [ P = I2 x R ] Power = Current2 x Ohms [ P = V2 R ] Power = Volts2 Ohms
Type
Metal Film Carbon Wirewound

Power Rating
Very low at less than 3W Low at less than 5W High up to 500W