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What is a microprocessor. History of microprocessors. What is a microprocessor system. Components inside the microprocessor system:
Important terminology
Microprocessors
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is an electronic device that consists of millions (or billions) of transistors packed into one IC. Its function is to execute instructions in the form of programs, calculate and store its results. Microprocessor requires only one chip to build a complete system Microprocessors are used widely in our everyday lives.
Microprocessor
to process huge amounts of data. Built using transistors etched on silicon die. Needs external components to support operation.
Microprocessors Fabrication
3. Once proper leads and connections are attached, the microprocessor is ready to be used.
Microprocessor
The microprocessor can be used to perform complex operations by giving it instructions. These instructions are called programs. Programs are loaded into memory, and are executed line-by line by the microprocessor.
History of Computers
History of Computers
History of Computers
G1 G2 G3 G4
Vacuum Tube
Transistor
IC
Better IC technology
History of Computers
Whats next?
Conventional
computing:
Advancements in semiconductor technology. Smaller, faster, less power. More cores in one processor.
Unconventional
computing:
History of Computers
First
Generation (1954-56):
Vacuum
Tubes as switches. Magnetic drums as memory. Very big, unreliable, slow. Examples:
ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) (UNIVersal Automatic Computer)
UNIVAC
Vacuum Tubes
History of Computers
Second
After
Generation (1956-63):
invention of transistors. Smaller, faster, cheaper. Limited to military and business use.
Transistor circuit
History of Microprocessors
Early
microprocessors: Intel 8008, Intel 4004. Medium Scale Integration (MSI) and Large Scale Integration (LSI) devices.
History of Computers
in IC technology, P design. More transistors more processing power. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI).
Reduced
Speed
1.3 kHz
Memory
1MB
Cost
$1.6 million
2.2 kHz
1.4kB
$47,900
6 kB 128 MB
$20,000 $700
Microprocessor Systems
Microprocessor Systems
Definition: A complete electronic system built around the microprocessor to support the microprocessor operation. May consist of CPU, memory, I/O (disk drives, keyboard, mouse), system bus, and supporting circuitry. CPU as the brain controls actions of all components.
Microprocessor System - PC
ROM Floppy RAM
CD-ROM
CPU
Supporting Circuitry
Keyboard
Mouse
HDD
Power Supply
CPU
LCD Display
Keypad
Block Diagram
Data Bus
CPU
(Microproc essor)
MEMORY
System Bus
System Bus
Communication highway for all components. A group of wires is called bus. Contains:
Data
CPU
Control
signal is READ
R/W
CPU
R/W
Example:
Motorolla
thus: Data size n = 8 bits, Data lines/bus are labelled Dn : D0, D1, .. D6, D7
The
size of data bus is determined by the number of lines (bits) which is also called data size.
Memory
I/O Devices
Example:
216 = 65536 CPU can handle or address 65536 single cells (each cell has 8 bits data size) of memory.
In other words, 16 bit address lines can represent 65536 memory location 0 to 65535 locations, addressed as 0000h to FFFFh 16 address lines, then the size of the memory is equal to 216 = 64Kbyte.
Example 1
8-bit
address bus
A0, A1,..A7
28 = 256 00h to FFh 28 = 256 byte
Address
Example 2
32-bit
address bus
Memory location
Address
The CPU
CPU
Master of all components. Silicon chip that works as heart of the system Job:
Receive
instruction from memory to implement a task. Perform calculations (may use math coprocessor). Control bus operations.
The CPU
(Arithmetic/Logic Unit):
CU
Fast internal storage. Used to temporarily store addresses, data, processor status.
Memory
Memory
Stores instructions/programs and data for CPU. Each memory location given unique address.
CPU
Types:
Read-Only
RAM
ROM
Read-Only Memory:
Data
can be read, but cannot be written (read-only). Contents stay without power (non-volatile). Usually contains basic start-up instructions, data. Stores data permanently without the presence of power supply but with very limited capacity. Contents hard-wired during manufacturing. Newer versions can be reprogrammed:
ROM Examples
RAM
Random Access Memory. Contents can be read and written. Loses data without electrical power (volatile). Advantages:
Programs
Disadvantages:
Requires
Computer is turned on
Volatile Temporary storage where the information will lose when power off. Read&Write Flexible for being read or written via software Operation RAM is the main memory of the computer that holds the programs and information being processed. Usually is used to stored temporary data.
Non-Volatile Retain data even with absence of power. Read Can be read, but not write. ROMs are programed once (with assistance of hardware) Operation It is used by the computer to get started from power on (boot up). It includes BIOS (basic input/output system)
All
Timing
Generates square waves at constant intervals. Crystal oscillator + timing circuitry. Higher clock speed allow computers to function faster.
Crystal Oscillator
Symbol
Equivalent Circuit
Sample
I/O
functionality to P.
Mouse.
Display
monitor.
Important Terminology
Data Size
The capacity of a microprocessor is normally referred to how many bits of data can be handled at one time, or what is the memory size Data size is a mean of measure to determine how much data can be stored in a single cell of memory. Size of single cell in the memory. Data type :
Example
A single cell sized 1 bit can store either logic-0 or logic-1. In other word, two different situations can be stored or represented. Thus the range of data is 0 1. Data size: n = 1 Data capacity : 2n = 21 = 2 Range : 0 1
A single cell sized 4 bit (Nibble) can store 16 possible situations. Data size: n = 4 Data capacity : 2n = 24 = 16 Range : 0 - 15
single cell sized 1 bit can store either logic 0 or logic 1. In other words, two different situations can be stored or represented. Determine the following features of a single cell sized 32-bits.
i) Data type = ? ii) Data size, n = ? iii) Data capacity = ? iv) Range = ?
Longword View
Conclusion
Conclusion
P-based systems provide supporting circuitry to support P functions. Long history, advancements along with technology. Executes instructions from memory in endless loop.
Tutorial
Tutorial
Name the 4 computer generations and the technological breakthroughs that caused them to happen. Draw the microprocessor system for a PC and explain the functions of each component in the system. List the three major parts of a CPU
Tutorial
What are the three most basic components that are required in any microprocessor system? What is the function of the memory? List the two general types of memory. Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.
Is the address bus unidirectional or bidirectional? Is the data bus unidirectional or bidirectional? What is the two main facts to determine the capacity of a microprocessor? What is the definition of data size?
The Motorolla 68000 has 16 bits of address bus: What is the address size? How to label the address bus? How many single cells of memory can be addressed? data bus; What is the data size and how to label the data bus?
The End