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Purdue Aeroelasticity

15-1
AAE 556
Aeroelasticity
Lecture 15
Finite element subsonic aeroelastic
models
I like algebra
Algebra is my friend.
Purdue Aeroelasticity
15-2
Lift computation
idealizations
Everything you wanted to know about
aerodynamics but were afraid to ask
Lift per unit length l(y) changes along
the span of a 3-D wing
The 2-D lift curve slope is not the same
as the 3-D lift curve slope


Lift curve slope in degrees
e = Oswalds efficiency factor
Purdue Aeroelasticity
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57.
1
3
o
L
o
a
C
a
eAR
o
t
=
+
Lift
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( )
( )
o
o
o
L
o
y
a c dy
a c y dy
C
S S
o
o
o
o
o
| |
|
\ .
= =
}
}
( ) ( )
o L o
L l y dy q ca y dy qSC
o
o o = = =
} }
( )
( )
2
2
( )
1
2
1 1
2 2
o
o
o o
l y qca y
V a y
w
V a Va w
V
o
o

=
=
= =
Aerodynamic strip theory
Wing is sub-divided into
a set of small spanwise
strips
The lift and pitching
moment on each strip is
modeled as if the strip
had infinite span
There is no
aerodynamic interaction
There is limited or no
aerodynamic influence
between elements
Purdue Aeroelasticity
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Paneling methods
The wing is replaced by a thin
surface
This surface is replaced by a
finite number of elements or
panels with aerodynamic
features such as singularities
There is an aerodynamic
influence coefficient matrix with
interactive elements
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Strip theory gives different
results
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Source: G. Dimitriadis, University of Liege
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Background
Gray and Schenk
NACA TN-3030
1952
Adapted for
composites 1978
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Paneling - idealization
requirements and limitations
Purdue Aeroelasticity
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Panel aero model
finding the lift distribution
p
i
=VI
i

Purdue Aeroelasticity
15-11
Lifting line wing model
trailing vortices extending to infinity
Downwash matching points at 3/4 chord
The wing can be unswept or have non-constant chord
Horseshoe vortices with varying strength
bound at 1/4 chord points
Purdue Aeroelasticity
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Panel aerodynamics interacts because
of downwash (angle of attack) matching
Each horseshoe vortex
creates a flow field
around it. The 3/4 chord
downwash is affected by
every other vortex on
the wing. The vortex
strengths must be
adjusted so that all
conditions are satisfied.
Vortex influence decays
with distance
Purdue Aeroelasticity
15-13
Aerodynamic relationship
wing
Solving for vortex strengths allow us to
approximate the lift distribution
{ } | |{ }
j ij i
p A
q
1
= o
Relationship between local
angle of attack and segment
lift values.
Purdue Aeroelasticity
15-14
Aero matrix equation
development
{ } | |{ }
j ij i
p A
q
1
= o
| | | |
ij
l
ij
S
c
A
(
(

=
o
4
1
2D lift curve slope
Matrix elements are
functions of wing
planform geometry
Matrix is
square, but not
symmetrical
o
i
=o
rigid
+ u
structural
+ o
control

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Structural idealization
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Each panel has its own FBD and
panel geometry
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Put them all together to get the static equilibrium
equations this is where the aeroelastic
interaction occurs
{ } { } { } { }
{ }
1
i r s c ij j
A p
q
o o u o
(
= + + =

local angles dynamic pressure
lift on each element
{ }
{ }
s ij j
C p u
(
=

Wing Geometry
15-18
Purdue Aeroelasticity
Purdue Aeroelasticity
15-19
Flexible and Rigid lift distributions
(M=0.5)
areas under each curve are equal
4.87
13.85
0.59
0.50
Rigid
flex
L
L
Div
C
C
M
M
o
o
=
=
=
=
Purdue Aeroelasticity
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Flexible and Rigid lift
distribution (M=0.6)
Purdue Aeroelasticity
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Rigid and flexible roll
effectiveness (pb/2V)
M
Rev
=0.55
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Rigid wing and flexible wing
o L
C
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Divergence Mach number
Divergence Mach No. = 0.590
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Summary
Use of bound vortices creates a math model
that can predict subsonic high aspect ratio
wing lift distribution.
This model has been incorporated into a
MATLAB code that you will use to do some
homework exercises to calculate divergence,
lift effectiveness and control effectiveness.
You will compare the trends previously
derived

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