Grammar Verb Complementation

E_English Grammar Course
Lecture 2. Verb & its complements
Issues
1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
Click at the underlined to view the whole explanation
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Verb
Classifications of English verbs

classified according to
Functions of items
= words or phrases indicating an action, an event, or a state E.g.: kiss, break out, have
Complementation
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Structure
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Verbs

Functions of items
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
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Verbs

Functions of items
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Regular
E.g.: book, booked, booked E.g.: teach, taught, taught
Irregular
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Verbs

Functions of items
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs Primary
Modal Marginal modal auxiliary
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Verbs

Functions of items
Lexical verbs
include: do, have, be change meaning when becoming a full verb E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.
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Verbs

Functions of items
Lexical verbs
include: Can could May Might Shall-should Will-would Must Ought to
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Verbs

Functions of items
Lexical verbs
include: used to, dare, need
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Verbs

Complementation
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs
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Verbs

Complementation
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs E.g.: be, appear, feel, look, remain, seem E.g.: become, get, go, grow, turn, make
connect S & C have the pattern:

Current copular
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: I feel tired. Hes in the cab.
Resulting copular
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Verbs

Complementation
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
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Verbs

Complementation
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs
require no Object have the pattern: SV make complete sense themselves

Intransitive
E.g.: Hes singing.

The baby cried.
Transitive
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Verbs

Complementation
Intensive verbs Mono-transitive
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
Transitive
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Verbs

Complementation
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
require one direct Object (Od) Di-transitive
have the pattern: SVOd

E.g.: Complex-transitive I kissed her. He caught the ball.
Transitive
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Verbs

Complementation
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi) have the pattern: SVOiOd E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
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Verbs

Complementation
require Object and Object Complement Intensive verbs (Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli)) have the pattern: Mono-transitive SVOCo or SVOA(obli) E.g.: He made me really crazy. He sent his son to the kindergarten.
Complex-transitive
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
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Verbs

Stative verbs
Dynamic verbs
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Verbs

Stative verbs
= verbs that show the condition or status and do not accept the progressive aspect E.g.: I am a boy. It feels thin.
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbs
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Verbs

Stative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear, Relational verbs impress, know, like, etc. E.g.: I like you He said he hated cooking.
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Verbs

Stative verbs
apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess, Verbs of inert perception & recognition sound, tend, etc. E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Relational verbs
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Verbs

= verbs that show the action or the change of status E.g.: She learns English. He hit me. She is English. ( is isnt dynamic verb because it denotes a permanent status)
Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activity verbs Transitional event verbs Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs

Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation
ache, hurt, itch, fell, etc.

Transitional event verbs Momentary verbs
Activities verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs

Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs Transitional event verbs ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc. Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs

Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs Transitional event verbs
arrive, land, Momentary leave, lose,verbs die etc.

Process verbs
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Verbs

Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs
hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.

Momentary verbs
Transitional event verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs

Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs Transitional event verbs
change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.

Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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1Classifications of English verbs

Verbs
Structure
One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
Finite
Non-finite infinitive ing-participle ed-participle
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Verbs

Structure
One-word verbs
as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE WORD E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
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Verbs

Structure
Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional verbs Phrasal-prepositional verbs
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Verbs

Structure
Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs
make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc. verbs Prepositional
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
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Verbs

Structure
Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional verbs Phrasal-prepositional look up, clear up, get at, etc. verbs
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Verbs

Structure
Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs
come up with, make up for, stand in for, Prepositional put up with, verbs etc.
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
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Structure
Verbs
One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
Finite Criteria Finite
Non-finite Non-finite E.g.: I am/ He is a student. Being a student, shes hardworking.
Occurrence in independent clause Tense contrast Person and number concord Finite verb inclusion Mood distinction
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Grammatical categories of verbs

Tense Aspect Progressive Present Mood Voice
Indicative Perfective
Active
Past
Perfectiveprogressive Simple
Imperative
Passive
Subjunctive
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Tense

= the correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time language specific while TIME: universal, non-linguistic includes PAST and PRESENT no FUTURE TENSE because theres no verb form corresponding to future time. E.g.: She is studying now. (verb form: ing-participle + present time: now present time)
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Aspect

the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded with respect to time progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect) I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect) Tense & aspect are intermingled.
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Tense
&
Aspect
Tense Aspect Present
Simple
Complex
Progressive
Present simple Present progressive
Perfective
Present perfect
Perfect progressive
Present perfect progressive
Past
Past simple
Past progressive
Past perfect
Past perfect progressive
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Mood

= a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility
Indicative
= statement of the fact
E.g.: Shes nice to me. (fact - indicative)
Imperative
= command, request = non-fact, unreal
Be nice to me.
(command - imperative) I suggest she be nice to me. (non-fact - subjunctive)
Subjunctive
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
Found in -that clause (verbs: recommend, demand, request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that) Form: the base Aim: to be formal E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his chicken. It is necessary that every student pay the tuition fee.
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Found in clause in certain set expressions Form: the base E.g.: May god bless you. Long live the King. God save the Queen. Come what may, well go ahead.
Subjunctive were
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
Found in conditional & concessive clauses, subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose Form: WERE Meaning: hypothetical/unreal E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted. Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
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Voice

= a grammatical category that makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without change in the facts reported include: passive and active voice E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active) The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
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C (complement) Adjective phrase
A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
Nominal clause
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A (adverbial) E.g.: She is so crazy. That is ridiculous!
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
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A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
E.g.: She isnt a good student. It appears the only solution.
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A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
finite clause Nominal clause non-finite clause
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that clause E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot. A (adverbial) wh-interrogative clause E.g.: The problem is not who will go. nominal relative clause E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
Noun phrase
finite clause Nominal clause non-finite clause
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Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
bare-infinitive clause A (adverbial) E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head. to-infinitive clause with(out) Subject (S) E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S) The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S) -ing clause finite clause E.g.: Seeing is believing.
non-finite clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation (SVO)
Noun phrase
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)

With passive one-word verbs phrasal verbs
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
Without passive
Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Direct object (O)

With passive one-word verbs phrasalE.g.: verbsTom caught the ball.
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
The ball was caught by Tom.

Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Direct object (O)

Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: They passed over the question. Without passive The question was passed over. Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Direct object (O)

With passive one-word verbs
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: phrasal She has a nice house. verbs A house is had by her.
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Direct object (O)

With passive one-word verbs phrasal verbs E.g.: The management paid for his
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
air fares.
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Direct object (O)

Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.

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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause Wh- clause
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That- clause
Extraposed subject E.g.: I dont care what you are saying. that-clause
Wh- clause
Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.

Extraposed object I wondered who did make the bed for me. that-clause Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
I realized what a fool I had been.

That- clause as object
I know how busy you are.
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That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
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That- clause
Suasive
Major
Factual
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive Hypothesis
Minor Subordinate verbs
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That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Major
Factual
introduce what one might generally describe Suasive information as factual or propositional E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was Emotive misled.
Minor
Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
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That- clause
Suasive
Major
Factual
Emotive imply intentions to bring about some change in the future, whether or not these are verbally Hypothesis suggestions, etc Minor as commands, formulated E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.
Subordinate verbs
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That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs
Suasive E.g.: I regret that she worry. Emotive Hypothesis
Major
Factual
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That- clause
Suasive
Major
Factual
Emotive E.g.: I wish that he were here.
Hypothesis
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That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Putative should Indicative verbs
Subordinate verbs Subjunctive verbs
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That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Indicative verbs
E.g.: I recommend that he be here.

Putative should
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That- clause
E.g.: I insist that he shouldnt smoke.

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That- clause
E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.

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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Without subject
Wh-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
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With subject
Without subject
E.g.: Iclause dont like the house to be left empty. Ing-participle Ing-participle clause
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With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause E.g.: I dislike him driving my car. Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause
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With subject
Without subject
Ing-participle clause E.g.: Maryclause longed to leaveIng-participle home.
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To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause E.g.: Mary loves listening to music.
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how to sail a boat as a small child. To-infinitive clauseE.g.: He learned To-infinitive clause
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.
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Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause E.g.: He gave the girl a doll. Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
E.g.: He persuaded Oi = NP, Od = finite clause me to give up smoking.

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.
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verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions Od & Oi = NP two passive forms of the sentence these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take Oi account = NP, Odof, = non-finite give wayclause to, etc. E.g.: They make best use of the garage. The garage made best use of. Oi = NP, Od = finiteis clause Best use is made of the garage.
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Od introduced by a preposition Od & Oi = NP one passive form with Oi only these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to, Oi rob = NP, Od = non-finite of, refer to, etc. clause E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement. I am reminded of the agreement. Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc. E.g.: He explained it to me. It was explained me. Idiomatic expressions: V + NP to + Prep I was explained about it.
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Complex-transitive complementation
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause
E.g.: He drives me crazy.
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.

To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause
Adverbials
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Adverbials are obligatory. Bare-infinitive E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket. Ing-clause Ed-clause
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman. Ing-clause Ed-clause
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
Ed-clause
Ing-clause
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.

Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.

Ing-clause ed-clause Ed-clause

Grammar Verb Complementation

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E_English Grammar Course

Lecture 2. Verb & its complements

Classifications of English verbs

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

E.g.: book, booked, booked E.g.: teach, taught, taught

Classifications of English verbs

Auxiliary verbs Primary

Modal Marginal modal auxiliary

Classifications of English verbs

Auxiliary verbs Primary

Modal Marginal modal auxiliary

Classifications of English verbs

Auxiliary verbs Primary

include: Can could May Might Shall-should Will-would Must Ought to

Modal Marginal modal auxiliary

Classifications of English verbs

Auxiliary verbs Primary

Modal Marginal modal auxiliary

include: used to, dare, need

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

connect S & C have the pattern:

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

require no Object have the pattern: SV make complete sense themselves

E.g.: Hes singing.

Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Mono-transitive

Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Mono-transitive

require one direct Object (Od) Di-transitive

have the pattern: SVOd

Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Mono-transitive

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of inert perception & recognition

Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of inert perception & recognition

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation

ache, hurt, itch, fell, etc.

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

arrive, land, Momentary leave, lose,verbs die etc.

Classifications of English verbs

Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs

hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.

Transitional event verbs

Classifications of English verbs

change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.

1Classifications of English verbs

Non-finite infinitive ing-participle ed-participle

Classifications of English verbs

Classifications of English verbs

Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional verbs Phrasal-prepositional verbs

Classifications of English verbs