Lecture PowerPoint to accompany

Inquiry into Life

Twelfth Edition

Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 16

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16.1 Urinary System

Functions of the Urinary System
Excretion of Metabolic Wastes
Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid

Maintenance of Water-Salt Balance

NaCl, K+, HCO3-, Ca2+

Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance

Excretion of H+, reabsorption of HCO3-

Secretion of Hormones
Renin, Erythropoietin

The Urinary System

16.1 Urinary System

Organs of the Urinary System
Kidneys
Located in lumbar region Behind peritoneum Covered by tough capsule of fibrous connective tissue Concave side has a depression called a hilum
Location of renal artery and vein

Ureters
Conduct urine from kidney to bladder Three-layered wall
Mucosa, smooth muscle, outer connective tissue

Conveys urine by peristalsis

16.1 Urinary System

Organs of the Urinary System
Urinary Bladder
Stores urine Has three openings
Two for the ureters, one for the urethra

The bladder wall is expandable Two sphincter muscles control the release of urine into the urethra

16.1 Urinary System

Organs of the Urinary System
Urethra
A small tube that leads from the urinary bladder to an external opening Its function is to remove urine from the body The urethra is longer males than females The urethra also transports semen in males

16.1 Urinary System

Urination
Stretch receptors in wall of bladder
Send impulses when bladder fills to 250 ml Motor impulses from spinal cord
Bladder contraction Micturition occurs

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

There are three regions to a kidney
The renal cortex The renal medulla The renal pelvis

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney Each kidney has over one million nephrons

Gross Anatomy of the Kidney

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

Anatomy of a Nephron
A nephron is composed of a system of tubules Each nephron has its own blood supply
From renal artery, afferent arteriole leads into the glomerulus Blood leaves the glomerulus via an efferent arteriole Efferent arteriole takes blood to peritubular capillaries
These surround rest of the nephron Blood then goes to renal vein

Nephron Anatomy

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

Parts of a Nephron
Glomerular capsule (Bowmans capsule)
Cuplike structure Inner layer has podocytes
Form pores for passage of small molecules

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli
Increased surface area for absorption

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

Parts of a Nephron
Loop of Henle
U-shaped tube Simple squamous epithelium

Distal Convoluted tubule (DCT)

Lack microvilli Designed for tubular excretion rather than reabsorption

Collecting Ducts

Processes in Urine Formation

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

Urine Formation
Glomerular Filtration
Blood enters the afferent arteriole and glomerulus Blood pressure forces water and small molecules into the glomerular capsule (filtration) Large molecules and formed elements cannot leave the capillaries Remaining processes must reabsorb desirable substances and allow wastes to pass

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

Urine Formation
Glomerular Filtration
Filterable Blood Components Nonfilterable Blood Components

Water
Nitrogenous wastes Nutrients Salts

Blood cells and platelets

Plasma proteins

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

Urine Formation
Tubular Reabsorption
Molecules are reabsorbed both actively and passively
Sodium reabsorbed by active transport Chloride follows passively Water absorbed by osmosis

Only molecules recognized by carrier proteins are actively reabsorbed

Glucose is an example There is a limited number of carrier proteins Excess glucose ends up being excreted

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

Urine Formation
Tubular Reabsorption
Reabsorbed Filtrate Nonreabsorbed Components Filtrate Components Most water Nutrients Required salts (ions) Some water Much nitrogenous wastes Excess salts (ions)

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion

Urine Formation
Tubular Secretion
Hydrogen ions, potassium, creatinine, many drugs Actively transported from the blood

Urine Contains
Filtered substances that have not been reabsorbed Substances that have been actively secreted

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Reabsorption of Water
Excretion of hypertonic urine depends on reabsorption of water from the loops of the nephrons and the collecting ducts
Reabsorption of water requires
Reabsorption of salt Establishment of solute gradient Reabsorption of water

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Reabsorption of Water
Reabsorption of Salt
Regulated by the absorption and excretion of ions
Na+, K+, HCO3-, Mg2+

More than 99% of Na+ filtered at the glomerulus is returned to the blood
67% is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule 25% is reabsorbed at the ascending limb of the nephron loop The rest is reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Reabsorption of Water
Reabsorption of Salt
Hormonal Regulation at the Distal Convoluted Tubule
Occurs when blood pressure at the glomerulus is low
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus secretes renin Renin is an enzyme that changes angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I Angiotensin I is then converted into Angiotensin II Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Aldosterone promotes the excretion of K+ and the reabsorption of Na+ The reabsorption of Na+ is followed by the reabsorption of H2O Blood volume and blood pressure increase

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Reabsorption of Water
Reabsorption of Salt
Hormonal Regulation at the Distal Convoluted Tubule
Atrial naturietic hormone (ANH) Another hormone regulating sodium Secreted by right atrium of heart in response to stretching Indicates increased blood volume Inhibits renin secretion by juxtaglomerular apparatus Inhibits aldosterone release Promotes sodium excretion - natriuresis

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Establishment of Solute Gradient
A long loop of nephron has two parts
Descending limb and ascending limb

Salt diffuses out of lower part of ascending limb Upper part of ascending limb actively transports more salt out This creates high osmotic pressure (high solute concentration) within the tissues of the renal medulla Urea contributes to high solute concentration in medulla Leaks from lower collecting duct This results in a concentration gradient favoring reabsorption of water

Reabsorption of Water

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Reabsorption of Water
Water leaves distal convoluted tubule because of the osmotic gradient Water also leaves descending limb of loop of the nephron
Countercurrent multiplier

As filtrate enters collecting duct it is hypotonic to cells of renal cortex

Permeability of collecting duct under hormonal control

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Reabsorption of Water
Permeability of collecting duct is under hormonal control
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the posterior pituitary gland
In the absence of ADH, a dilute urine is produced In the presence of ADH, the collecting duct become more permeable to water and a concentrated urine is produced

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Diuretics
Increase flow of urine Alcohol
Shuts off ADH Dehydration causes hangover

Caffeine
Increases glomerular filtration rate Decreases tubular reabsorption of sodium

Diuretic drugs
Many inhibit active transport of sodium at loop of the nephron or the distal convoluted tubule

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Acid-Base Balance
Normal pH for most body fluids is 7.4 Alkalosis: pH is greater than 7.4 Acidosis: pH is less than 7.4 Several Mechanisms Maintain a pH of ~ 7.4
Acid-Base buffer system Respiratory Center The Kidneys

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Acid-Base Balance
Acid-Base Buffer Systems
Chemical or combination of chemicals Can take up excess H+ or OH Prevents large changes in pH When H+ added to blood the following occurs

H+ + HCO3- H2CO3
When OH- added to blood the following occurs

OH- + H2CO3 HCO3- + H2O

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Acid-Base Balance
Respiratory Center
Increasing breathing rate removes CO2
Removes hydrogen ions Forces reaction to the right

H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 H2O + CO2

Respiratory system adjusts proportion of bicarbonate and carbonic acid

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys

Acid-Base Balance
The Kidneys
Only kidneys can remove many acids and bases Slower acting than respiratory system but more powerful Reabsorbs bicarbonate ions Excretes hydrogen ions In urine ammonia can absorb hydrogen ions Phosphate provides another means of buffering hydrogen ions in urine

Acid-Base Balance

16.4 Disorders of the Urinary System

Disorders of the Kidneys
Pyelonephritis: Infections of the kidneys
Kidney infections usually result from bladder infections Most are curable with antibiotics if diagnosed in time Some infections can cause severe damage

Kidney Stones
Hard granules that form in the renal pelvis Composed of substances such as calcium, phosphate, uric acid and protein Excess animal protein in the diet, imbalanced urinary pH, and urinary tract infections may be contributing factors May pass unnoticed in the urine,large stones can be very painful

The presence of albumin or blood cells in the urine are early signs of kidney damage

16.4 Disorders of the Urinary System

Disorders of the Kidneys
Hemodialysis
Artificial kidney machine or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) Dialysis
Diffusion of dissolved molecules through a membrane Selective permeability Blood is cleansed pH is adjusted Water and salt balance maintained

In CAPD the peritoneum is the dialysis membrane

An Artificial Kidney Machine

16.4 Disorders of the Urinary System

Disorders of the Bladder and Urethra
Bladder Infections
Urine leaving the bladder is usually bacteria-free The urethra is normally colonized with bacteria Sometimes bacteria make their way to the bladder
Usually treatable with antibiotics

Bladder Stones
Occur as a result of bladder infections or prostate enlargement May actually be kidney stones that were carried to the bladder Can be removed surgically or broken apart by lithotripsy

Bladder Cancer Smoking greatly increases the risk Some types are very malignant necessitating removal of the bladder.