2 dimensional motion

Horizontally projected
TSWBAT
Solve 2-d motion
problems
projected horizontally
projected at an angle
with initial displacement
2 Dimensional Motion
Lets review what we already
know...
2 dimensional motion is
simply the combination of
motion in the x direction
with motion in the y
direction
2 Dimensional Motion
The curved (parabolic)
shape of this motion is
the natural result of this
combination
The general motion
equation holds
2
2
1
t a t v s
i
A + A =
Equations
We get 2 versions of the
equations - x & y direction



These motion equations
simplify
2
2
1
t a t v s
x ix x
A + A = A
2
2
1
t a t v s
y iy y
A + A = A
Simplification
In the x direction the object
does not usually accelerate so
a
x
= 0
If it has a rocket motor, a
x
>0
If we include air resistance,
a
x
<0.
( )
2
2
1
t a t v s
ix x
A + A = A
0
0
Simplification
In the y direction the object
accelerates due to gravity so
a
y
= g = -9.8 m/s
2

2
2
1
) ( t g t v s
iy y
A + A = A
2
2
1
t a t v s
y iy y
A + A = A
For a horizontally projected object,
there is no initial vertical velocity, v
i
=0
2
2
1
) 8 . 9 ( t t v s
iy y
A + A = A
2
9 . 4 t t v s
iy y
A A = A
2
9 . 4 ) 0 ( t t s
y
A A = A
2
9 . 4 t s
y
A = A
2
2
1
t a t v s
y iy y
A + A = A
2-D
Equations
The object moves forward
at a constant speed only
while it is airborne!
Time is the same in both
equations

t v s
ix x
A = A
2
9 . 4 t s
y
A = A
Steps to Solution
You will be given information to
solve either the x-direction or
y-direction for time
Then use the time to solve for
the unknown direction
Usually you solve for the
y-direction first
Check for
Understanding
Try to answer the
following multiple choice
QUESTIONS before
advancing to the next
slide for the answer.
Question 1
A girl throws a ball straight up at
a speed of 10 m/s. Which
statement is true?
a - the ball accelerates all the time
it is in the air
b - the ball is always moving when
it is in the air
c - the height the ball rises to
depends on the balls weight
Question 1
A girl throws a ball straight up at
a speed of 10 m/s. Which
statement is true?
a - the ball accelerates all the time
it is in the air
b - the ball is always moving when
it is in the air
c - the height the ball rises to
depends on the balls weight
Question 2
A key to understanding projectile
motion is to know that:
a - gravity always causes the
velocity of an object to increase
b - horizontal motion is independent
of vertical motion
c - acceleration is zero at the
highest point in the trajectory
Question 2
A key to understanding projectile
motion is to know that:
a - gravity always causes the
velocity of an object to increase
b - horizontal motion is independent
of vertical motion
c - acceleration is zero at the
highest point in the trajectory
Question 3
Two bullets are fired horizontally
from the same height at the same
time. One has twice the velocity
of the other. Which hits the
ground first? ( no air resistance!)
a - the faster one
b - the slower one
c - they hit the ground at the
same time
Question 3
Two bullets are fired horizontally
from the same height at the same
time. One has twice the velocity
of the other. Which hits the
ground first? ( no air resistance!)
a - the faster one
b - the slower one
c - they hit the ground at the
same time
Sample - Thelma & Louise
A car is driven horizontally off a
100 m cliff at 25 m/s. How far
from the base of the cliff will
the wreckage be found?
x - direction y-direction
A s
x
= ? m A s
y
= -100 m
v
ix
= 25 m/s v
iy
= 0 m/s
a
x
= 0 m/s
2
a
y
= g = -9.8 m/s
2
A t = ?
Solution
Solve y-direction first to find
time

-100m=(0m/s)At+0.5(-9.8m/s
2
)At
2
-100m=-4.9m/s
2
At
2

(-100 m)/(-4.9m/s
2
) = At
2

20.4 s
2
= At
2

At
2
= \20.4 s
2

At = 4.5 s
2
2
1
t g t v s
iy y
A + A = A
Solution
Then solve x direction
using time found

s
x
= 25 m/s (4.5s)
s
x
= 112.5 m
t v s
ix x
A = A
Parametric equations
These results could also be found
by graphing
recall: A s = s
f
- s
i
So s
fx
=s
ix
+ v
ix
At + a
x
At
2

And s
fy
=s
iy
+ v
iy
At + gAt
2

Using the parametric mode:
X
T1
= 0 + 25T + 0.5(0)T
2

Y
T1
= 100 + 0T + 0.5(-9.8)T
2

0
0
0
25 T
100 - 4.9 T
2

Practice Problem
A ball is thrown
horizontally off a 20 m high
tower at 15 m/s.
How long is it in the air?
Where does it hit the ground?
What is the magnitude of its
velocity when it hits the
ground?
Answer:
t = 2.02 s, s
x
= 30.3 m
First, pick out known & unknown
values from the problem.
x - direction y-direction
A s
x
= ? m A s
y
= -20 m
v
ix
= 15 m/s v
iy
= 0 m/s
a
x
= 0 m/s
2
a
y
= g = -9.8 m/s
2
A t = ?
Solution
Solve y-direction first to find
time

-20m=(0m/s)At+0.5(-9.8m/s
2
)At
2

(-20 m)/(-4.9m/s
2
) = At
2

4.04 s
2
= At
2

At
2
= \4.04 s
2

At = 2.02 s
2
2
1
t g t v s
iy y
A + A = A
Solution
Then solve x direction
using time found

s
x
= 15 m/s (2.02s)
s
x
= 30.3 m
t v s
ix x
A = A
Solution
The same thing can be
done with the velocity
equation, x and y are still
independent:
v
f
= v
i
+ aAt
So in the x direction:
v
fX
= v
iX
+ a
X
At
a
x
=0 so v
fx
= v
ix
= 15 m/s

http://www.
physicsclassroom.
com/mmedia/
vectors/hlp.html
Solution

And in the y direction:
v
fY
= v
iY
+ a
Y
At
v
fy
= 0m/s + (-9.8 m/s
2
)(2.02s)
v
fy
= -19.8 m/s
Then combine the vectors!
Solution
v
fx
= 15 m/s v
fY
= -19.8 m/s
Use Pythagorean theorem to
get the magnitude and &
inverse tangent to get
direction.

v
f
= 24.8 m/s, 307degrees
) (
2 2
fy fx f
v v v + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

fx
fy
v
v
1
tan u
On Your Own
Class work
Worksheets on horizontally
projected motion
2 dimensional motion
Part 2 - At an angle
TSWBAT
Solve 2-d motion
problems
projected horizontally
projected at an angle
with initial displacement
2-D Motion Equations
These same equations we used in the
first case (horizontally projected)
hold true when the object is initially
thrown at an angle.
BUT Initial velocity in the y direction
is NOT zero, so it does NOT cancel
out!


t v s
ix x
A = A
2
2
1
t g t v s
iy y
A + A = A
2 - d projected at an angle
The initial velocity must be
broken down into an x and y
component using right triangle
trigonometry
Then the problem is solved like
before.
v
ix
= v
i
cos
v
iy
= v
i
sin
v
i

v
ix

v
iy

u
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/ph
ys/mmedia/vectors/nhlp.html
Without gravity
With gravity
Note:
The path of our (Case 2) projectile
is a symmetric parabola.
Speed at takeoff = speed at
landing.
Angles are equal in magnitude,
opposite in direction.
Check your understanding


http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci
/phys/Class/vectors/u3l2b.html

And now, the math
Sample Problem
The six million dollar man kicks
a ball at a 30 degree angle
giving it a velocity of 100 m/s.
How long is it in the air?
How far away does it land?
How fast is it going when it
hits the ground?
How high does it rise?
http://www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/more_
stuff/Applets/ProjectileMotion/jarapplet.html
Gather x & y variables
Step 1- resolve the velocity
into x & y components
v
ix
= v
i
cos
= 100 cos 30 = 86.6 m/s
v
iy
= v
i
sin
= 100 sin 30 = 50 m/s

x-
direction
y-
direction
Displacement s(m) ? ?
Velocity v(m/s) 8.66 5
Acceleration
a(m/s
2
)
0 -9.8
Time t(s) ? ?
Variables
86.6
50
Hang time:
How long is it in the air?
Before it is kicked and when it hits the
ground, its height above the ground is
zero so its change in height s
y
= 0.
s
y
= v
iy
At + 0.5 g A t
2
0 = 50 At - 4.9 A t
2
0 = At (50 - 4.9 A t)
0 = At 0 = 50 - 4.9 A t

50 = 4.9 A t

A t = 10.2 s
Range:
How far away does it land?
s
x
= v
ix
t
s
x
= 86.6 m/s (10.2s)
s
x
= 884 m
Velocity:How fast is it going?
Find v
fx
& v
fy
@ t=1.02 s using: v
f
= v
i
+ at
v
fx
= v
ix
+ a
x
t v
fy
= v
iy
+ a
y
t
v
fx
= 86.6m/s + 0t = 86.6 m/s
v
fy
= 50 m/s +(-9.8m/s
2)
(10.2s)
= -49.96 m/s
Use Pythagorean theorem & trig
V
f
= ((86.6)
2
+ (-49.96)
2
)

= 99.98 m/s =
~ 100 m/s
u = tan
-1
(-4.996/8.66) = -30
in quadrant IV v
f
= 100 m/s, 330
Max height
Just like the case of a ball
thrown vertically upward,
Max height occurs when v
fy
= 0.
V
fy
2
= v
iy
2
+ 2a
y
s
y

0
2
= 50
2
+ 2(-9.8)s
y
-2500 = -19.6s
y
s
y
= 128 m
Check our solution
http://www.phys.virginia.edu/classe
s/109N/more_stuff/Applets/Proje
ctileMotion/jarapplet.html
Practice Problem 2 -
Try this on your own before
checking your answer
A ball is kicked at a 60 degree
angle at 20 m/s.
How long is it in the air?
Where does it hit the ground?
How high is it at its highest point?
What is the magnitude of its
velocity when it hits the ground?
x-direction y-direction
Displacement s(m) ? ?
Velocity v(m/s) 10 17.3
Acceleration a(m/s
2
) 0 -9.8
Time t(s) ? ?
Variables
Resolve the velocity into components
v
ix
= v
i
cos u= 20 cos 60 = 10 m/s
v
iy
= v
i
sin u= 20 sin 60 = 17.3 m/s
Solve y direction
Before it is kicked and when it hits
the ground, its height above the
ground is zero so its change in height
s
y
= 0.
s
y
= v
iy
At + 0.5 g A t
2
0 = 17.3 At - 4.9 A t
2
0 = At (17.3 - 4.9 A t)
0 = At 0 = 17.3 - 4.9 A t

17.3 = 4.9 A t

A t = 3.53 s
Solve x direction
s
x
= v
ix
t
s
x
= 10 m/s (3.53s)
s
x
= 35.3 m
Max height
Max height occurs when v
fy
= 0.
v
fy
2
= v
iy
2
+ 2 g s
y

0

= (17.3)
2
- 19.6 s
y
19.6 s
y
= 299.3

s
y
= 15.3 m
Solve velocity
Find v
fx
& v
fy
@ t = 3.53 s using
v
f
= v
i
+ at and then use
Use Pythagorean theorem &
trigonometry to find v
f
OR
APPLY symmetry
V
f
= v
iy
= 20 m/s
u
f
= - u
i
= -60 in quadrant IV
so v
f
= 20 m/s, 300
Follow-up
Worksheet #2 Projected at an
angle
2 dimensional motion
Horizontal & at an angle
TSWBAT
Solve 2-d motion
problems
projected horizontally
projected at an angle
with initial displacement
Initial displacement
If the object is initially some
height above the ground when it
is projected at an angle, it is
usually necessary to use the
quadratic formula. It will not
easily factor!
If its initial height is 0, then
you can factor out a t!
Sample Problem
A ball is kicked off a 50 m tower
at a 30 degree angle giving it a
velocity of 10 m/s.
How long is it in the air?
How far away does it land?
At what velocity does it hit the
ground?
How high does it rise?


Solve
Step 1- resolve the velocity into x & y
components
v
ix
= v
i
cos u= 10 cos 30 = 8.66 m/s
v
iy
= v
i
sin u= 10 sin 30 = 5 m/s
x direction y direction
s ? -50 m
v
i
8.66 m/s 5 m/s
a 0 m/s
2
-9.8 m/s
2
t ? = ?
Find time in air
Its height above the ground is 50m so its
change in height s
y
= -50m.
A s
y
= v
iy
At + 0.5 g A t
2
-50 = 5 At - 4.9 A t
2
4.9t
2
- 5t - 50 = 0
a = 4.9 b = -5 c = -50
Use quadratic formula - discard negative answer
t = (-b \ b
2
- 4ac) / (2a)
t = (-(-5) \ (-5)
2
- 4(4.9)(-50) ) / (2(4.9))
t = - 2.7, 3.7s so t = 3.7s when it hits the
ground
How far away does it land?
s
x
= v
ix
At
s
x
= 8.66 m/s (3.7s)
s
x
= 32.04 m
Velocity:How fast is it going?
Find v
fx
& v
fy
@ t=3.7 s using: v
f
= v
i
+ at
v
fx
= v
ix
+ a
x
t v
fy
= v
iy
+ a
y
t
v
fx
= 8.66m/s + 0t = 8.66 m/s
v
fy
= 5 m/s +(-9.8m/s
2)
(3.7s)
= -31.26 m/s
Use Pythagorean theorem & trig
V
f
= ((8.66)
2
+ (-31.26)
2
)

= 32.4 m/s
u = tan
-1
(-31.26/8.66) = -74.5
in quadrant IV v
f
= 32.4 m/s, 285.5
Max height
Just like the case of a ball thrown
vertically upward,
Max height occurs when v
fy
= 0.
V
fy
2
= v
iy
2
+ 2a
y
s
y

0
2
= 5
2
+ 2(-9.8)s
y
-25 = -19.6s
y
s
y
= 1.28 m above starting point OR
50 m + 1.28 m = 51.28 m above the
ground
Practice Problem
A ball is projected off a
120 m high tower at a 50
degree angle at 25 m/s.
How long is it in the air?
Where does it hit the ground?
What is the magnitude of its
velocity when it hits the
ground?
Solutions
t = -3.4, 7.3 s so t = 7.3 s
when it hits the ground
s
x
= 117.3 m
v
f
= 54.8 m/s, 290
s
y
= 18.7 m above starting point
OR 120 m + 18.7 m = 138.7 m
above the ground
Solve
Step 1- resolve the velocity into x & y
components
v
ix
= v
i
cos u= 25 cos 50
o
= 16.07 m/s
v
iy
= v
i
sin u= 25 sin 50
o
= 19.15 m/s
x direction y direction
s ? -120 m
v
i
16.07 m/s 19.15 m/s
a 0 m/s
2
-9.8 m/s
2
t ? = ?
Find time in air
Its height above the ground is 50m so its
change in height s
y
= -50m.
A s
y
= v
iy
At + 0.5 g A t
2
-120 = 19.15 At - 4.9 A t
2
4.9t
2
- 19.15t - 120 = 0
a = 4.9 b = -19.15 c = -120
Use quadratic formula - discard negative answer
t = (-b \ b
2
- 4ac) / (2a)
t=(-(-19.15) \(-19.15)
2
-4(4.9)(-120))/(2(4.9))
t = -3.4, 7.3 s so t = 7.3 s when it hits the
ground
How far away does it land?
s
x
= v
ix
At
s
x
= 16.07 m/s (7.3s)
s
x
= 117.3 m
Velocity:How fast is it going?
Find v
fx
& v
fy
@ t=3.7 s using: v
f
= v
i
+ at
v
fx
= v
ix
+ a
x
t v
fy
= v
iy
+ a
y
t
v
fx
= 16.07m/s + 0t = 16.07 m/s
v
fy
= 19.15 m/s +(-9.8m/s
2)
(7.3s)
= -52.39 m/s
Use Pythagorean theorem & trig
V
f
= ((19.15)
2
+ (-52.39)
2
)

= 54.8 m/s
u = tan
-1
(-52.39/19.15) = -70
in quadrant IV v
f
= 54.8 m/s, 290
Max height
Just like the case of a ball thrown
vertically upward,
Max height occurs when v
fy
= 0.
V
fy
2
= v
iy
2
+ 2a
y
s
y

0
2
= 19.15
2
+ 2(-9.8)s
y
-366.7 = -19.6s
y
s
y
= 18.7 m above starting point OR
120 m + 18.7 m = 138.7 m
above the ground
Projectile Motion
Review of Concepts and Cases
X & Y directions
2 dimensional motion is simply
the combination of motion in
the x direction with motion in
the y direction
The x and y direction motions
are independent of each other
and are solved separately.

Acceleration
By definition a projectile does
not accelerate and in high school
physics we generally ignore air
resistance so a
x
=0.
The objects only acceleration is
due to the attractive force
between it and the planet so a
y
=
g = -9.8m/s
2

Velocity
When an object is projected
horizontally (0
o
) all of the velocity is
horizontal, none vertical so...
v
ix
= v
i
& v
iy
= 0.
When an object is projected
at an angle it has both an x and y
components.
v
ix
= v
i
cos u
v
iy
= v
i
sin u
note: when u = 0
o
,

v
ix
= v
i
& v
iy
= 0.
Displacement
Remember that delta means the
change between final and initial so
As = s
f
-s
i
This means we can rewrite to create
the general projectile motion
equations
As
x
= (v
i
cos u) At
s
fy
= s
iy
+ (v
i
sin u) At + g At
2

Velocity equations
v
fx
= v
i
cos u
v
fy
= v
i
sin u + gAt

These equations always work, but
you may find it easier to use the
special case equations depending on
your algebra skills.
Note:
The path of our projectile is a parabola.
At the same height the speed going up
is the same as the speed falling down.
At its highest point, v
y
= 0, but v
x
does
not change throughout the arc.