Energy Loss

and
Energy Straggling
Younes Sina
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
N
t

areal density

dE/dx
Stopping power, stopping force, specific
energy loss
*MeV/mm+ , *eV/m+



E/x=dE/dx

x0

stopping cross section
[eV/10
15
atoms/cm
2
],[ KeV/mg/cm
2
]
=1/N(dE/dx)

=1/(dE/dx)
[atoms/cm
2
]
N
volume density
[atoms/cm
3
]

mass density
(gr/cm
3
)
N
t
=N .dx
Basic concepts & definitions
Incident particles Transmitted particles
E0
Z1
M1
E0 -E
x
N
t

M2
Z1
Z1
M1
Basic concepts and definitions
U
n
i
t

c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s

Multiply units by For units Example
MeV

MeV/amu 4 MeV
4
He ~ 1 MeV/amu


v/v
o
(MeV/amu)
1/2
v/v
o
=1~0.025 MeV/amu
1
H


(MeV/amu)
1/2
m/s 2 MeV
4
He ~ v
HE
=9.82x 10
6
m/s





10
15
atoms/cm
2

nm 10
18
Atoms/cm
2
For Au~170nm

g/cm
2

nm 100

g/cm
2
For C~258 nm

g/cm
2

10
15
atoms/cm
2
100 g/cm
2
For Au~305x10
15
atoms/cm
2
eV cm
2
/10
15
atoms

MeV/(mg/cm
2
) 100 eV cm
2
/10
15
atoms for
Al
2
O
3
~2.95 MeV cm
2
/mg
[M
2
= (2M
Al
+ 3 M
O
)/5; M
Al
=26.98,
M
O
=16.00]

eV cm
2
/10
15
atoms

keV/m 30eV cm
2
/10
15
atoms for Si~150
keV/m
] [ 1
1
amu M
] 3 / [
] [
10
661 . 1 2
2
cm g
amu M

] / [
10
3
cm
g
] [ 661 . 1
10
1
3
amu M
1581 . 0
10
389 . 1
7

] [ 661 . 1
1
2 amu M
] [ 661 . 1
] / [
10
2
3 2
amu M
cm
g
Basic Physics
Important factors during interaction of ions and target:
Ion velocity
Charge of the ion
Charge of target atom
Energy loss of ions:
3 regimes for ions:
Low velocity
Intermediate velocity
High velocity
In comparison to the orbital velocity of atomic electron
V (velocity of ions)<<< v
0
(velocity of electron at orbital)








V
0
= Bohr velocity
elastic collision with target nuclei
Nuclear energy loss dominates
nuclear energy loss diminishes as 1/E
Electronic energy loss dominates
(inelastic collisions with atomic electrons)
Low velocity
Intermediate velocity
High velocity
E= E
n
+E
e

The ion carries its electrons and tends to
neutralize by electron capture
With increasing v
v 0.1v
0
to vZ
1
2/3
v
0
E
e
v>>v
0
:
charge state of the ion increases
ion becomes fully stripped of its electrons

In the low ion-velocity range

E
In the high ion-velocity range
v>>v
0
E
e
charge ion
dE/dx=N .Z
2
.(Z
1
e
2
)
2
f (E/M
1
)
(E/M
1
) is a function of target
(it is not a function of the projectile)

for most application of ion beam analysis, nuclear stopping is small.
Above 200 keV/amu contribution of nuclear stopping <1%





For example for Zr (amu=90): at E2.22 keV contribution of nuclear stopping <1%
Bethe & Bloch formula for high- velocity regime
E
HI
= (m
HI
/m
H
)E
H
m
HI
E
H

The scaling rule
= fraction effective charge
higher energy of ion 1

HI
=
H

HI
2
Z
HI
2

= 1/N(dE/dx)

E
H
=E
He
/m
He
E
H
=2MeV/4=0.5 MeV
Example
If
He
=1
E
He
=2 MeV
What is E
H
?


E
HI
= (m
HI
/m
H
)E
H
m
HI
E
H

Example 2:
If
Li
=1
Calculate
Li
@2,5,and 10 MeV
E
HI
=m
HI
E
H

E
H
=E
Li
/m
Li

E
H
=E
Li
/7
E
H
=2000/7=285 keV
E
H
=5000/7=714.28 keV
E
H
=10000/7=1428.57 keV

H
@285 keV= 0.489

H
@714 keV= 0.282

H
@1428 keV= 0.177

Li
=9
H

HI
=
H

HI
2
Z
HI
2

Li
=
H

Li
2
Z
Li
2

Li
=4.40 Mev.cm
2
/mg

Li
=2.54 Mev.cm
2
/mg

Li
=1.60 Mev.cm
2
/mg

Effective charge () as a function of Z
1
&Z
2


a
i
: fitting constant value
E/M
1
[keV/amu]
M
1
= 4.0026
a
0
=0.2865
a
1
=0.1266
a
2
=-0.001429
a
3
=0.02402
a
4
=-0.01135
a
5
=0.001445
If E
He
=0.5 MeV :

He
2
Z
He
2
= (
He
2
). (2
2
)=2.88

If E
He
=1 MeV :

He
2
Z
He
2
= (
He
2
). (2
2
)=3.46

If E
He
=1.5 MeV :

He
2
Z
He
2
= (
He
2
). (2
2
)=3.75

If E
He
=2 MeV :

He
2
Z
He
2
= (
He
2
). (2
2
)=3.89

If E
He
=3 MeV :

He
2
Z
He
2
= (
He
2
). (2
2
)=3.99


If
He
=1 then:

He
2
Z
He
2
= (1
2
). (2
2
)=4.00

}
1
5
0
exp{ 1
)] [ln(
2
M
E
a
i
i
i
He

=
=

Li
=A{1-exp[-(B+C)]}
Effective charge () as a function of Z
1
&Z
2


A=1+ (0.007+5x10
-5
Z
2
)exp {-[7.6-ln(E
Li
[keV/amu]
2
}
B=0.7138+0.002797ELi[keV/amu]
C=1.348x10
-6
(E
Li
[keV/amu]
2
)
Calculation of
Li
,stopping in carbon at 2,5 and 10 MeV
m
Li
=7
E
Li
= 2, 5, and 10 Mev
E
Li
/m
Li
= E
Li
/7=
285
715
1430

Li
=A{1-exp[-(B+C)]}
A=1+ (0.007+5x10
-5
Z
2
)exp {-[7.6-ln(E
Li
[keV/amu]
2
}
B=0.7138+0.002797E
Li
[keV/amu]
C=1.348x10
-6
(E
Li
[keV/amu]
2
)

Li
=
0.8
0.97
1

Li
=
H

Li
2
Z
Li
2

Li
=
H

Li
2
(3)
2

Li
=9
H

Li
2

Li
= 2.81

Li
= 2.38

Li
= 1.593

Li
=9
H

Li
2

Li
=9
H

Li
2

Li
=9
H

Li
2

From Example 2:

H
@285 keV= 0.489

H
@714 keV= 0.282

H
@1428 keV= 0.177
Effective charge () for heavy ions : Z > 3

HI
=1- exp (-A)[1.034-0.1777 exp(-0.08114 Z
HI
)]
A=B+0.0378 sin ( B/2)
B=0.1772 (E
HI
[keV/amu])
1/2
Z
HI

-2/3

Braggs rule
Stopping cross section for compound

AB
=m
A
+n
B

Example : 2.0 MeV ion
4
He stopping in silicon SiO
2
SRIM-2006 gives
Si
(2.0 MeV)=46.88 eV cm
2
/10
15
atoms
and
O
(2.0 MeV)=38.36 cm
2
/10
15
atoms.
For , SiO
2
we then have
SiO2
=1
Si
+2
O
=41.02 cm
2
/10
15
atoms

Stopping cross section and depth scale
E=

}
x
dx dx dE
0
) / (
X=
}
0
) / (
1
E
E
dE
dx dE
dE/dx
Stopping power

stopping cross section
=(1/N)(dE/dx)

Can be evaluated either at E
0
or at E
av
=E
0
-E/2
Thin targets
}
x
dx dx dE
0
) / (
E=
E= (dE/dx)
(E0)
x

E=
(E0)
N
t

=(1/N)(dE/dx)
E=
(Eav)
N
t

E= (dE/dx)
(
av
)
x

Surface energy approximation Mean energy approximation
Thick targets
E
i
= (dE/dx)
(E
i-1
)
x
i

E
i
=
(E
i-1
)
(N
t
)
i

=
A = A
n
i
i
E E
1
E
0
Energy loss evaluated at the
energy of the ion at the ( i-1)
the slab
Stopping cross section
evaluated at the energy of
the ion at the ( i-1) the slab
Example: Proton depth scale in carbon

What is the 2.0 MeV proton energy lost in a carbon target for depth of (a) 1000
nm and (b) 20 m?
From the unit conversion table:







10
15
atoms/cm
2
=
] 3 / [
] [
10
661 . 1 2
2
cm g
amu M

nm
1000 nm= 17.6x 10
18
atoms/cm
2



20 m= 353x 10
18
atoms/cm
2

E=
(E0)
N
t

(E0=2MeV)
=2.866 ev cm
2
/10
15
atoms
E=2.866x10
-15
x17.6x10
18
50 keV
E=
(E0)
N
t

(E0=2MeV)
=2.866 ev cm
2
/10
15
atoms
E=2.866x10
-15
x353x10
18
1000 keV
Surface energy approximation Thin targets
Example: Proton depth scale in carbon

What is the 2.0 MeV proton energy lost in a carbon target for depth of (a) 1000
nm and (b) 20 m?
From the unit conversion table:







10
15
atoms/cm
2
=
] 3 / [
] [
10
661 . 1 2
2
cm g
amu M

nm
1000 nm= 17.6x 10
18
atoms/cm
2



20 m= 353x 10
18
atoms/cm
2

E=
(Eav)
N
t
E
av
=E
0
-E/2=2000-50/2 keV=1975 keV

(Eav=1975 keV)
2.866 ev cm
2
/10
15
atoms
E=2.866x10
-15
x17.6x10
18
50 keV
E=
(Eav)
N
t
E
av
=E
0
-E/2=2000-1000/2 keV=1500 keV

(Eav=1500 keV)
=3.506 ev cm
2
/10
15
atoms
E= 3.506 x10
-15
x353x10
18
1235 keV
Mean energy approximation Thin targets
Example: Proton depth scale in carbon

What is the 2.0 MeV proton energy lost in a carbon target for depth of (a) 1000 nm and (b) 20 m?
Thick targets
E
i
=
(E
i-1
)
(N
t
)
i
i=6
(N
t
)
i
=(353/6)x10
18
=58.83x10
18
atoms/cm
2
E
1
=
(E
0
)
(N
t
)
1
= 2.866x10
-15
x58.83x10
18
168.5 keV
The energy at the end of the first slab is then E
1
=E
0
-E=2000-168.5 keV=1832 keV
Energy loss in the second slab at this energy:
E
2
=
(E1)
(N
t
)
2
=3.051x10
-15
x58.83x10
18
179.5 keV
E
2
=E
1
-E
2
=1832-179.5keV=1652 keV .
E
3
= 193.0 , E
4
= 210.3 , E
5
=233.7 , E
6
= 268.1 keV
E
2
= E
i
(i=1-6)=1253 keV


E
0
E
1
E
2
electronic stopping for isotopes
Stopping (medium [ ,Z
2
]) =stopping (medium [M
av
, Z
2
]).(M
av
/ )

Mav
O
Mav
O
Straggling
N
t
[atoms/cm
2
+2x10
20
.
2 Z
1
)
Z
] / [
(
1
2
amu MeV E
Bohrs theory:
When the energy transferred to target electrons in the
individual collisions is small compare to the width of the
energy loss distribution, the distribution is close to a
Gaussian distribution.
In the limit of high ion velocity, the energy loss is dominated by
electronic excitations.

B
2
[keV
2
]=0.26Z
1
2
Z
2
N
t
[10
18
atoms/cm
2
]
Full width at half- maximum height(FWHM)=2.355
Bohr value for the variance (standard deviation) of the average energy loss fluctuation
Example

B
2
[keV
2
]=0.26Z
1
2
Z
2
N
t
[10
18
atoms/cm
2
]
From the following Equation, we obtain for
4
He ions:

B
2
[keV
2
+Z
2
N
t
[10
18
atoms/cm
2
]

Helpful for quick estimates of
4
He ion Bohr straggling
4% accuracy
Corrections to Bohrs theory, other models

2
/
B
2
=
{
0.5 L(x), for E [keV/amu]< 75 Z
2

1, for E *keV/amu+ 75 Z
2

L(x)=1.36 x
1/2
- 0.16 x
3/2
2 25
] / [
Z
amu keV E
x =
Lindhard & Scharff Eq.:
Example
Straggling of 5.0 MeV helium ions in gold
From Bohr Eq.:
B
2
[keV
2
]=0.26Z
1
2
Z
2
N
t
[10
18
atoms/cm
2
]

we have:

B
2
/N
t
82 keV
2
cm
2
/10
18
atoms
In a gold layer of 10
18
atoms/cm
2
(about 170 nm)

B
9 keV

2
/
B
2
0.8 for He ions in gold at 5.0 MeV
=7 keV

Straggling in mixtures and compounds
For an compound (mixture) A
m
B
n
(m+n=1) with an atom density N
AB
[atoms/cm
3
]and
the atomic densities N
A
and N
B
:

If mN
AB
=N
A
and nN
AB
=N
B
then:
(
AB
)
2
=(
A
)
2
+(
B
)
2
t is the thickness
t
B
B
n
t
A
A
m
t
N N
N
AB
AB
) ) ) (
2 2 2
( (
O O
O
+ =
Example
A
m
B
n
= SiO
2

Bohr straggling of
4
He ions in 10
18
atoms/cm
2
of SiO
2

m=0.33 & n=0.67
N
si
t = 0.33N
SiO2
t = 0.33x10
18
atoms/cm
2


N
O
t = 0.67N
SiO2
t = 0.67x10
18
atoms/cm
2

B
2
[keV
2
]=0.26Z
1
2
Z
2
N
t
[10
18
atoms/cm
2
]
Bohrs Eq.
(
B
Si
)
2
[keV
2
]=0.26x 0.33Z
1
2
Z
2
= 4.80 keV
2
(
B
O
)
2
[keV
2
]=0.26x 0.67Z
1
2
Z
2
= 5.57 keV
2
(
B
SiO2
)
2
=(
B
Si
)
2
+(
B
O
)
2
(
B
SiO2
)
2
=(4.80+5.57)keV
2
= 3.22 keV

Additivity of energy loss fluctuations
(
TOT
)
2
=(
DET
)
2
+(
STR
)
2
+(
BEAM
)
2
Beam energy profile
Energy resolution
Energy straggling
Range
}
+
=
E
E S E S N
dE
E R
n e
0
)] ( ) ( [
) (
Kurdistan, Iran