MsS Training Subject

1. Technical background on guided wave testing (GWT) 2. Mss Equipment and software operation for GWT 3. T-wave pipe testing/inspection and calibration procedures 4. Data analysis and reporting software operation for level I 5. Other MsS Guided wave applications and pipeline monitoring

Purpose
This procedure constitutes the written practice for the qualification and certification of nondestructive examination (NDE) personnal in accordance with the guidelines of SNT-TC-1A for use of magnetostrictively generated ultrasonic guided waves for inspection of pipe This procedure applies to the following NDE methods Method Abbrivation Magnetostrictive sensor MsS

Definitions
Certification: Written and practical testimony of qualification Experience: work activities accomplished in MsS under direction of qualified supervision including performing the MsS method and related activities Qualification: demonstrated skill, training, knowledge, and experience required for personnel to properly perform the duties of a specific job. Training: the program developed to impart the knowledge and skills necessary for qualification

APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
Personnel qualification and certification in nondestructive Testing American society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Recommended practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 1975,1980, 1984, 1992 Editions. These documents are used as a guide for the MsS certification to be through ASNT

RESPONSIBILITY
The director of the department of sensor systems and NDE Technology (NDE Department) in southwest research institute shell be responsible for the qualification and certification of NDE Personnel

A level III individual(s) designated by the director shall be responsible for the administration of the MsS training program and for the approval, administration, and grading of examination.
An MsS instructor shall be responsible

LEVELS OF MsS QUALIFICATION

MsS Level I Qualification: A Level I Shall be qualified to perform specific equipment setups, calibrations and tests, and to record data according to specific written instructions. The Level I Operator may perform preliminary evaluation and interpretation of the data for the purpose of determining the acceptability and quality of data. The data Acquisition system (DAS) Operator shall be thoroughly familiar with the scope and limitations of the method and shall be responsible for on-the job training and guidance of trainees

LEVELS OF MsS QUALIFICATION

MsS Level II Qualification:

A Level II Shall be qualified to setup and calibarate equipment and to interpret to evaluate the results, with respect to applicable codes, standards, and specifications. The Level II shall be thoroughly familiar with the scope and limitations of the method for which the individual is qualified and shall exercise assigned responsibility for on the job training of trainees and level I personnel. The Level II shall be able to prepare written procedures and to report the results of an examination. In addition to the duties and responsibilities of the level I operator, the level II shall be qualified and responsible for interpretation and evaluating results of MsS examinations and review data with respect to applicable codes, standards, procedures and specifications. The Level II shall be able to organize and report MsS Examination

LEVELS OF MsS QUALIFICATION

MsS Level III Qualification: A Level III Shall be capable or and responsible for establishing techniques and procedures: interpretation codes, standards, specifications and procedures; and designating the particular examination method, technique and procedure to be used. An MsS Level III must have a level III MsS Certificate from SWRI. He shall be capable of interpretation and evaluating results in terms of existing codes, standards and specifications.

Contents:
Physical background on Guided waves:
What are guided waves? Comparision between convnesional UT and Long Range Guided wave Inspecton. Guided waves in pipeline Dispersive characteristics of Guided wave Selection of Guided wave Modw for Long Range Wave Inspection.

Guided wave Systems and probes:

Commercial System Difference of continuous and discrete guidedwave testing probes Near Field, Dead Zone, Operating Frequencies.

Background on Long Range Guided wave Inspeciton.

Introduced for field use in late 1990. Guided-wave Probe used.
Piezoelectric based- Teletest and Wavemaker Electromagnetic based MsS System

Guided-wave used.
Mode Torsional and Longitudinal Frequency Typically 10 to 250-kHz.

Comparisons
Conventional Usage Local Spot inspection GWT (or LRUT) Rapid surveying of large areas Guided waves

Waves Used

Bulk Waves (compressional, shear)

Frequency Range
Defect Detection Inspection Range

0.5 to 10MHz
Small defects Inches

Under 250 kHz

Relatively Large defects On the order of 1 to 500 feet.

Nature of Guided waves

Guided waves exist in many different forms
Longitudinal, torsional, flexural in pipe Lamb wave, shear-horizontal wave in plate

Their properties (Velocity, displacement pattern) vary significantly with the geometric shape and size of the structure and wave velocity
In contrast, bulk waves used in conventional UT depend only on the structures material.

Comparison of Inspection Range

GWT is Volumetric Inspection

Prominent Features of Guided-Wave Technology

Rapidly provides comprehensive condition information on large areas of structure. Requires minimal preparation
Insulation removal, scaffolding, excavation, coating removal, etc.

Inspection inaccessible areas remotely Pinpoints where to use quantitative follow-Up

Reduces inspection cost and enhances over all inspection efficiency 100% of Volume is inspected.

Particle Displacement in a Pipe

Guided Wace Modes in Pipeline

Wave Mode wave propagation direction Particle Displacement

Axial Symmetric Modes

Wave Mode wave propagation direction Cross-sectional View

Dispersion Curve of 4.5-inch-OD, 0.007 inch-wall Steel Pipe

Comparison of Two Modes in 4.5 OD, 0.337 wall steel pipe

Tone Burst Signal

Effect of Wave Dispersion

Amplitude

Time

Dispersion wave mode- It is wave Packet broadens as the wave Propagate

Purpose of GWT
Finding defects in pipeline with high signal to Noise ratio (S/N) and with high spatial resolution (SR)

UT uses tone burst electronic pulse having low-number of cycles for high spatial resolution (SR)

Selected Wave Mode of GWT

T (0,1) Torsion Mode in Pipeline

SH0, Shear horizontal mode in plate.

Shear Wave mode in bulk material

These three wave modes are non-despersive and has the same velocity

Dispersion Curve of 4.5-inch-OD, 0.007 inch-wall Steel Pipe

Guided wave testing uses T(0,1) mode- Torsional mode or L(0,2) mode at nondispersive frequency region.

Selected Wave Mode of GWT

T(0,1) mode is better than L(0,2) modeNot Effected By Liquid Contents in the Pipe Shot Wavelength at the Same Frequency (i.e High Sensitivity) No Dispersion at any frequency Range Can find Axially Oriented Defects

Selection Criteria for Guided-Wave Mode and Frequency for Long-Range Inspection
Minimal wave Dispersion Range of Inspection Defect Size

Ease of mode control

Minimal complication from other wace modes Best modes-T(0,1) in pipe

Commercial Guided Wave Systems

Magnetostructive Technology
Is developed at South west Research institute (www.swri.org) Is trained and advertised by Guided Wave Analysis LLC (www.gwanalysis.com)

Piezoelectric Array Technology

Is developed at imperial College Is lincensed to 2 cmompanies
Plant Integrity Ltd (www.plantinegrigy.co.uk) owned subsidary of TWI Guided Ultrasonic Ltd (www.guided-ultrasonics.com)

Same Characteristics of Guided wave Systems

The Same Characteristics
100 % of pipe is inspected Battery operation of main system Using torsional and longitudinal mode Data analysis software Wave propagation characteristics Interaction with defects of guided wave Attenuation at insulation, soil, and high viscous material No inspection across flanges Non detection of small, isolated defects (Pin-hole type) at long distances Defect detection threshold increment after passing elbow.

Magnetostrictive sensor (MsS) System for Generating Guided wave

MsS probes

MsSR3030R

Magnetostrictive sensor (MsS) System for Generating Guided wave

MsS probes
2-inch-wide FeCo strip

FeCo Strip attached to the Pipe by using Shear Couplet

Ribbon Coils Placed over the strip

Comparison of Guided wave probes

Demerit of Using Discrete Probes (Non Axial Symmetric probes)

Generation of Flexural Modes Existence of Near Field Zone (4 or 5ft) Easy Flexural Mode generation due to sludge, internal corrosion, bad contact, tilt or unbalanced probe. Poor direction control or bad cancellation Only operating low frequency guided wave (usually less than 50kHz)

Torsional and Flexurial Mode Generation

Comparison between Continuous and discrete probes.

Flexural Mode Generation

Is due to non balance between probes caused by
Probe itself Localized corrrosion Bad contact, tilt Localized corrosion on surface or inside of pipe.

Probe insulation location needs to be located at no Sludge or internal Corrosion.

Poor Direction Control

No- Near Filed Length of MsSR 3030R System

Near field length
Is defined as the length from the probe to the position at which the axial symmetric guided wave covers the whole circumference of pipe with almost the same signal amplitude.

MsS System
Has no near filed length (0 ft) because the probe covers 360 degree of pipe circumference.

Short Dear Zone Length of MsS Sysem

Dead Zone Length
Is generated as a result of electric interference during the high-pulse electric signal transmission to the probe inside the equipment.

Dead Zone Length of MsS System

Is about 4inches at 128-kHz center frequency Is 7 inches at 64-kHz center frequency Is about 11 inches at 32-kHz center frequency.

Why the discrete probe can not operate at high frequency ?

MsS Probe
Operate at 16 kHz also. Operate at 16-, 32-, 45-, 64-, 90-, 128-, 180-, 250-kHz center frequency
2-inch-wide FeCo strip

Frequency Adapters 128 kHz 2-inch-wide Ribbon cable 64 kHz 32 kHz

2-inch-wide FeCo strip

Interaction of Guided wave with defect

Guided Wave V= f
Where V- Velocity, f- Frequency and - Wave Length
Frequencies: 250kHz 128kHz 64kHz 32kHz 16kHz

Wavelength:

0.5inch

1inch

2inch

4inch

8inch

Defects in pipe Well

MsS Guided wave system

MsS Probe
Is based on magnetostrictive effects Uses 2-inch-wide ferromagnetic strip (FeCo) and ribbon cable or electric cables or electric wires Covers 360 degrees of pipe circumferece.

MsS System
Has short dead zone length Has no near field zone length Has good direction control Generates less flexural modes (coherent noise) Operates at high frequency higher than 100kHz. Operates at wide frequency range (16kHz to 250kHz)

Summary
The guided wave testing (GWT)
Is a method using low-frequency ultrasonic wave for a long distance Rapidly provides comprehensive condition information on large areas of structure (Screening tool) Has three curve for checking wave modes form studying Uses torsional mode that is non-dispersive. Can generate using magnetostructive sensor (MsS) or a belt of piezoelectric transducers Uses direction control fro inspection and monitoring. Needs to know dead zone length and near field length Operates at frequencies 16kHz to 250kHz Needs to operate wide frequency range for finding different sizes of defect.

Why is Torsional Mode Used?

Free From dispersion-related problem-up to the cutoff frequency of T(0,2) Wave Properties independent of Pipe size-up to Fc Not Affected by Liquid in the pipe Less prone to generate Flexural (extraneous) wave Modes Easier and simpler to use than longitudinal mode operation Economical for permanent installation for long term monitoring

Generation of T(0,2) Mode

Free from dispersion-related problem-up to the cutoff frequency of T(0,2)

If d=/2, the T(0,2) mode is firstly generated Fc=V/ C= V/2d, where d is the wall thickness For example, 1-inch-thick wall Fc=64kHz

Non-Dispersive up to Cut-Off Frequency

MsS Torsional Mode Generation and detection

Uses thin magnetostrictive strips placed around pipe and MsS Coils placed over the strips Strips are either shear-coupled, bonded, or mechanically coupled to the pipe Residual magnetization is indiced in the strips (called Magnetic Conditioning) T-Mode is generated/detected in the strips through Magnetostrictive effects (called Wiedmann effects)

MsS Probe For T-Mode piping Inspection

MsS probes

Magnetostrictive Strip

Ribbon Coils Placed over the strip

MsS Principle
Generation- Based on the Magnetostrictive (or Joule, 1847) Effect. Detection-Based on the Inverse Magnetostrictive (or Villari, 1865) effect and Magnetic Induction (Farady, 1831) To Operate MsS, Both DC bias magnetic fields and AC Fields are needed Relative orientation between the DC and AC fields determines the type of wave mode generated/detected.

MsS L-Mode Generation

HT= HB+HAC

HB DC Bias Magnetic Field HAC AC Applied Magnetic field +Z

L=Wave

HT=HB-HAC
Total Field

- Z
Strain

Torsional Mode Generation

Physical Properties of Strip Materials

FeCo (Heat Treated) Nickel (Annealed)

Saturation Magnetostriction
Curie Temparature Yield Strength

60X10-6

35X 10-6

17200F, 9380C 73kSi

6620F, 3500C 15kSi

Advantages of Iron-Cobalt Strips

Produce stronger signals- about 4 times larger than signals obtained with nickel Can be uses for high-temperature applications Mechanically stronger and, thus, can tolerate mechanical stresses Disadvantages- more expansive; less available commercially

Properties of FeCo Strips and handling

Requires a sepecial Heat Treatment (HT)
May show discolored areas from HT Discoloration does not degrade sensor performance

Mechanically strong, but some what brittle To avoid the irregular cut
Use a good metal shearing tool Gut in its natural curved shape
Do not put the strip in stressed state by straightening it for cutting.

Direction control of Guided wave

Achieved by employing two sensors and phased array principle A -wavelength separation is used for both sensor placement and MsS transmitter / Receiver operation.

Nominal T-Mode Wavelength in steel pipe (V-3260 m/sec)

Frequency (kHz) 250 128 64 40 32 20 16 10 8 Wavelength (inch) 0.51 1.00 2.00 3.20 4.00 6.40 8.00 12.80 16.00 Quarter Wavelength (inch) 0.13 0.25 0.50 0.51 1.00 1.60 2.00 3.20 4.00

Direction Control Simulation

Standard sizes of Ribbon Coil and Magnetostrictive Strip

Ribbon Coils
Width-2inch No. of Conductors-40

Magnetostrictive Strips
Width-2inch Thickness-0.004inch for Iron Cobalt

Coil Adapters
Designed to turn parallel conductors in ribbon into an encircling coil Standard type
Dual Probe 32, 45, 64, 90, 128, 180, and 250 kHz operation

Standard MsS Probes

128 kHz 2-inch-wide Ribbon cable 64 kHz 32 kHz

2-inch-wide FeCo strip

Probe Installation methods

Mechanical Dry Coupling
Requires good pipe surface High temperature application up to about 500 Celsius degree

Shear Couplant
Top of Paint without removing it Relatively smooth surface Many testing locations per day

Epoxy bonding
Rough Pipe surface or permanent monitoring High Temparature (up to 200 0C) Many Testing Locations per day

New Mechanical Coupling Tool

Mechanical coupling

Ribbon Cable

Strip Preparations
For Pipe 16 inches in OD or smaller, cut the strips to a length that is slightly less (about 0.25 inch or so) than the pipe circumference. For Pipes Larger than 16inches in OD, divide the total required strip length in to 2 ro segments
Segmented strips make handling and alignment easier during the bonding process.

Making Handles for Holding Strip During Epoxy Bonding

Cut 2-Wide making type of about 4 length Fold the 2-wide masking tape at nearthe center and attach itself of 1 length Attach the both ends of masking tape to the strip near the end Repeat the above procedure to the other end.

Surface Preparation
Wipe any dirt or loose corrosion with paper towel If the surface is rough, use a wire brush or sand paper Paint is okay, if the panted surface is smooth If the paint has blisters or is detached from the pipe surface, remove the paint and clean the area.

Reference Line Drawing

Place a Wrap-A-Round along the pipe circumference and align it properly Draw a line along one edge of the Wrap-A-Round

Reference Line is necessary to align strips properly during the bonding process

Install Strip around pipe using shear couplent or Epoxy

Attach 2 wide masking tape on both sides of strip
Feco Strip

Masking Tape

Pipe

Epoxy Shear Couplant

Ms S Data Comparison
(64 kHz Data from 16 OD Pipeline sample at ambient Temp)

MsS Test Procedures

Prepare Strips Bond Strips around Pipe Magnetize Strips for T-Mode Operation Place MsS Coil over the strips Connect MsS to instrument Acquire Data

Strip Preparation and Bonding

Step 1:
Cut the strips to right length

Step 2:
Step 3: Step 4:

Make Handles for holding strip during epoxy bonding

Clean the pipe surface and draw reference line around the pipe Mix the epoxy and apply it to the strips

Step 5:

Bond the strips around the pipe following the reference line and the keep them place by wrapping over the strips with a rubber band until epoxy cures

Preparing Epoxy Squeeze Tube

Install the epoxy in the epoxy squeezer and attach the nozzle in front of epoxy tube as shown below.

Mixing and Applying Epoxy

Mix/Prepare the adhesive and apply to the contact side of strips 5-Minite epoxy is only okay for bonding strip in a pipe of 8inch or smaller OD

For 10 or larger pipe, use an epoxy having 20 or longer curing time

Bonding Procedures
(for Pipes with 16 OD or less)
Place and bond the strips around the pipe and press them onto the pipe

While slightly wiggling and rotating the strips and squeezing out excess adhesive, adjust the alignment of strips.

Use masking Tape for Positioning attached strip

Attach 2 wide masking tape on both sides of strip
Feco Strip

Masking Tape

Pipe

Bond Procedures for Segmented strips (for Large Size pipes)

Mix/prepare the adhesive and apply to the contact side of the strips Bond the Strip segment on the pipe and adjust its position so that one edge of the strips is aligned along the reference lines; when properly aligned, keep the segment in place by taping it down at both ends and a few other locations along its length Repeat the process using the remaining strip segments Use Adhesive whose working time is longer than the time needed to complete the bonding process of all strip segments around the pipe.

Bonding Procedure (Contd)

Wrap a rubber strap over the strips and keep strips pressed down during adhesive curing

After the adhesive is cured, remove the rubber strap.

Strip Conditioning procedures after bonding on pipe

Place conditioner over strips and move it around the pipe 2 or 3 times relatively constant speed abut 1-2 ft/sec); then remove is from pipe in a continuous motion Any halt in motion may result in non uniform conditioning and degraded MsS Performance.

Ribbon Cable information

Place Ribbon calbe on top of attached FeCo Strip

This is one of most important procedure

Many inspectors fail

Reflection of Guided waves

Anomaly in pipelines includes corrosion, crack or weld etc..

When guided waves hits a change in cross-sectional area, they reflects back to word the MsS Probe. Signal amplitude is proportional to Cross-sectional area of defect

What Determines GWT Signal?

Sr= rSi (ignoring attenuation)
Sr-Detected signal amplitude r- Reflection coefficient of reflector Si- Transmitted signal amplitude

r-Reflection coefficient; dependant on wave frequency, reflector size (depth, circumferential extent and axial length) and shape Phase-Dependent on reflector type (weld, defect)

To be meaningful, signal amplitude is converted from voltage to reflection (%)

Attenuation correction Calibration

Reflection Coefficient (r)

Impedance (Z) of Guided wave AV
A-Cross Sectional Area - Density V Velocity

Reflection Coefficient (r) Calculation

r= Reflection Coefficient Z1= Impedance of region 1 Z2= impedance of Region 2

Approximate Defect Sizing

Approximating Defect Sizing

Approximation of defect sizing Defect size is proportional to reflected signal amplitude

r- Reflection Coefficient Ap Crossection area of the pipe Ad Cross sectional area of pipe at defect location Adefect Cross Sectional area of defect Sr= rSi Y-Axis amplitude should be displayed with reflection coefficient (% reflection)

Y Axis plot of Guided wave data

The inspection range and threshold sensitivity are set by the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in guided wave testing.
Signal to noise ratio (SNR) should be minimum 2 or 1 SNR for detection The reflection coefficient or Percent reflection is proportional to signal amplitude. The reflectivity or reflectance is proportional to the power of energy.
If a signal has 3 SNR ratio (0.3 volt for signal, 0.1 volt for noise), its reflectance is 9. If the data are plotted with signal amplitude or reflection coefficient, its amplitude is propotional to the defect crosssectional area of pipe.

% Reflection and % CSA

r is the reflection coefficient

% Reflection and %CSA

Reflection of Guided wave in pipe

Acoustic impedance of Guided wave in pipe Z = V1A :Density of Pipe A- Cross sectional Area of pipe V1: Velocity of the guided wave Reflection of Guided wave

Zp : Acoustic Impedance at the pipe location with and without defects Zdm : input impedance of the defect

Transmission line Model

Recursion relation for input impedance of two successive layers

K Wave Number

Thickness of the layer

Defect Matching of a Notch Type defect for Defect Simulation

Pipe Sample Defect and Guided Wave

Pipe Sample: New Above Ground Pipeline
4.5 inch outer diameter 0.337- inch- thick wall

Defects: 2 Inch width

0.23- inch depth (deepest) 2-to 4- inch length with 0.25 inch step 7.17 percent maximum cross sectional area defect

Guided wave: 64 kHz, 2- Cycle L(0,2) mode wave Guided wave was directly generated in pipe without any coupling medium.

Comparison of Experimental and simulated signals

Examples of Experimental and simulated signals

Calibration methods
Method 1 Indirect calibration based on geometric signals in the data (such as end or weld signals)
Typical R Value assigned 95 to 100% for pipe end and 10 to 25% for weld. Calibration based on weld signal is subject to significant error

Method 2- Indirect calibration- based on the signals from a reference reflector (hose Clamp)
R is the reference reflector is determined separately Fairly accurate on small size pipes

Method 3 Direct Calibration

The transmitted signals is measured and used for calibration most reliable.

Reflection coefficient of Hose Clamp Reference

Direct Calibration Procedures

Attach a short (2) FeCo Strip along circumference direction using double-sided tape Magnetically Condition the strip Place a short (1) MsS plateprobe on the strip. Operating in the pitch-catch mode and using the plate-probe as the receiver with no direction control, detect the transmitted signal. Calibrate using the transmitted signal amplitude as the reference

Wave Reflection from step-Wise wall thickness change in pipe

Phase-Checking for automatic identification of Reflector Type

Phase Relationship (to Incoming Wave)
In phase when reflected from a weld Out of phase when reflected from a defect

MsS data analysis and reporting software uses phase-checking for automatic reflector identification
Welds, attachments Positive (+) Phase Defects, Pipe Ends Negative (-) phase

Patent Pending

Presentation Outline
Structure Program
Pipe Information Data Acquisition Different Data Display Analysis & Report Select Data Select Frequency Calibrate Distance Calibrate Amplitude Review & Correct findings Finish Report
MsS Data Acquisition, Analysis and Reporting software for Pipeline Inspection

Inspection Report
Answering
Where is a defect?
Velocity and calibration

How Big is it Y Axis scale of report TCG and DAC plot Threshold Level

MsS Data Acquisition and Reporting Software for pipeline inspection

Is a complete tool for acquiring data, analyzing data and generating inspection reports. Is Composed of Three sections
Pipe information Data Acquisition Analysis and Report

Pipe Information
Cut- off frequency Weld reflection Inspection location information Inspector information Pipelines information Pipeline note => Recording of Basic information.

Pipe Information in Report

Data Acquisition
Cut-Off Frequency Operating Frequency Directory and keyword of filename Data Reviewing

Data Display

Analysis and Report

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select Data Select Frequency Calibrate Distance Calibrate Amplitude Review and Correct Findings Finish Report

1. Select Data

2. Select Frequency

3. Calibrate distance

Answering: where is the defect?

Look at X- axis Scale and signal width for spatial resolution

Velocity of Guided wave

Estimation with experience Calculation with Dispersion curve
Approximate Value Dependence on elastic constants and density of material

Calculation using signal form known geometric Features (e.g. Weld)

Accurate Calculation performed by system software

4. Calibrate Amplitude

Attenuation of Guided Wave

Attenuation Varies depending on Local Condition
Degree of Corrosion Surrounding environment (buried, insulated, coated, etc.)

Average attenuation is used for Data Analysis Signals from welds are used for this purpose

Attenuation Correction data

DAC Curve Plot

TCG Data Plot

Y-Scale of Guided wave Data

The inspection range and threshold sensitivity are set by the signal to Noise (SNR) ratio in Guided Wave Testing
The Reflection coefficient or percent reflection is proportional to detect cross-sectional area of pipe.
The Reflectivity or Reflectance is proportional to the power or energy

If a signal has 2 SNR Ratio (0.02 volt for signal, and 0.01 volts for noise) SNR of reflection coefficient = 2 SNR of Reflectance = 4

Sr = r Si ==> Y-Axis is Amplitude should be displayed with reflectance coefficient (% Reflection)

TCG Data Plot and DAC Curve

DAC

TCG

Show what we found

Threshold level of GWT

Threshold Level is set to Minimum detectable defect
Signal-to-Noise(SNR) Should be the minimum 2 to 1 for Detection. Threshold Level should be varied according to distance

Defect size with 5% Cross Sectional Area (CSA)

Conclusion on threshold Level

Look at Y-Scale of data plot Lowe the threshold level (5% to 0.5 to 1%)

Know that 5% CSA is not the same as 5% wall loss

Set threshold level depending on the distance and pipe size Check the threshold level depending on the pipe outer diameter

5. Review & Correct Findings

6. Finish Report

Contents of MsS Field test

Examples of pipeline, inspection, and monitoring Inspection and monitoring procedure and cautions Capabilities and limitations of the MsS Technology for Long Range Piping Inspection and monitoring. Effects of Geometric features in Guided wave Effects of contents, coatings, and general corrosion

Inspection and monitoring range

Defect size of GWT

Examples of Pipe Inspection Applications

Piping Systems in oil, gas, and petrochemical facilities Off shore piping system/ risers Power generation piping systems Pipelines at road crossings/leeve penetrations

Pipeline inspection Examples of Road Crossing

MsS Pipeline Inspection

Pipeline MsS Testing

Bridge Crossing Pipeline Inspection

Long-Term Monitoring using MsS Technology

Long-Term Monitoring of High temperature Pipeline

Monitoring of Buries Gas Transmission Lines

MsS Guided Wave Monitoring of Pipeline in a Tunnel

Poor Epoxy Bonding

Epoxy is not completed hardened
=> Epoxy need to be mixed through

using too small epoxy to fill gaps between strip and pipe surface => Use enough Epoxy Epoxy is hardened before finishing bonding => use epoxy having a longer setting time Epoxy is not mixed at a cold Temperature => Find an epoxy that is not viscous at a cold temperature (about 0Celcius degree) Strip is not attached against the pipe => Use Rubber band to hold the strip during epoxy curing

Poor Strip Conditioning

Too Fast or too slow movement of Magnets => Move Magnet with a speed of about 1-2 ft/sec Go Stop Movement of Magnetic cart Stop before removing magnet => Remove Magnet in a moving

Principle of Magnetic Motors

Moving magnet magnetizes the ferromagnetic strip behind it along the same direction. The highest density is behind the moving Magnet. Moving with constant speed along the circumference of pipe makes magnetization be uniform

Example of Good and poor Condition data

Poor Amplitude level selection

In order for the MsS to operate properly, the AC magnetic filed (HAC) must be smaller than the bias field (HB) applied in the circumferential direction. Demagnetization of circumferential magnetization Signal-to-Noise ratio gets worse Generate Extraneous mode signal

Transmitter Amplitude Level

For 8 or smaller pipe and low frequency operation (32kHz or lower) ,set the transmitter amplitude to 25% level For 8 to 16 pipe and low frequency operation (32-kHz or lower) ,set the transmitter amplitude to 50% level For 16 and bigger diameter pipe and low frequency operation (32-kHz or lower) ,set the transmitter amplitude to 100% level

Suggestions of instrument settings in data acquisitions

Use TCG function for acquiring data, especially for long range
inspection Dont cut data that have higher amplitude than the maximum or minimum scale of Y-Axis Reduce pulse reputation rate for short and low attenuation pipe

The sampling rage needs to be at least 10 times bigger than the

operating frequency

Suggestions of MsS Probe installation in pipeline

It is recommended to install the MsS Probe at least 3 ft apart from a big geometric features Dont install MsS Probes in the middle of 2 geometric features Dont install MsS Probe in the tapered section Guided wave cannot inspect after passing two 90degree elbows

Procedure for finding MsS probe installation Location in field

Find a big Geometric feature such as flange, valve, T-Joint, and elbow

Weld
Install MsS Probe at fare as possible from Flange or Valve because they are completely block the wave Propagation

Install MsS probe at close as possible from the target inspection region
Install MsS Probe at good surface area along circumference of the pipe If pipe has generalized corrosion with many dents, fill in the dent area with epoxy before attaching ferromagnetic strip

Finding MsS Probe installation Location in Field

Capabilities and limitations of the present MsS Technology for Long Range Piping Inspection
Capabilities and limitations of the present MsS Technology for Long Range Piping Inspection

Effects of Pipeline Geometric Features and other Conditions on Inspection capabilities

General Capabilities
Good for detecting and locating defects such as corrosion metal loss areas, circumferential cracks, and deep (over 70% wall) axial cracks Can inspect over 500 feet length of piping in one direction for detection of 2% to 3% defects on straight bare or painted lines (here, % means

defects circumferential cross-sectional area relative to total pipe wall

cross section. Can roughly estimate defect size; needs more R&D to achieve defect

characterization
Can distinguish between welds and defects

Effects of Pipeline geometric Features and on inspection capabilities

Features Effects Flange/Valve Prevents wave propagation forms end point of the inspection range Tee Elbow Causes large disruption, limits inspection range up to that point Short radius 900 elbow, causes large disruption in wave propagation, limits inspection range no farther than elbow region Long Radius 900 elbow has negligible effect Has negligible effect if bend radius >3 times of OD Other wise, bend behaves like elbow Cause a wave reflection and thus produces a signal, no significant effects on inspection capabilities Causes a wave reflection and thus produces a signal, no significant effects on inspection capabilities with high frequency guided wave Causes a wave reflection and thus produces a signal if attachment is large (such as pipe Shoes, can reduce inspection range.

Bend Side Branch Clamp Weld Attachment

Interaction of Guided wave with defect

Guided Wave V= f
Where V- Velocity, f- Frequency and - Wave Length
Frequencies: 250kHz 128kHz 64kHz 32kHz 16kHz

Wavelength:

0.5inch

1inch

2inch

4inch

8inch

Defects in pipe Well

Interaction of Guided wave with defect

Frequencies 250kHz Guided Wave V=f

128 kHz

64 kHz

32 kHz

16 kHz

Pipe Wall Defects V

Guided wave inspection for finding generalized corrosion in an insulated pipeline

Finding Corrosion defects with high frequency guided wave

Finding external pits with GWT

Merits on High frequency GWT

High frequency guided wave
Is good for inspecting pipeline having pipe support, clamp, etc with high sensitivity Has high sensitivity with short wave length for finding generalized pitting corrosion

GWT with multiple center frequencies (32, 64, 90, 128 kHz)
Allows finding different sizes of defect Is good for corrosion under insulation (CUI) inspection

Effects of Geometric Features in GWT

Effects of Pipe Support

Example: Pipe Support having a small pipe on concrete block

Effects of welded pipe support

Effects of Clamp on Pipe

Problem of longitudinal welded support on wave propagation

Solution of Longitudinal welded support on wave propagation

Effect of contents, coatings and general corrosion

Effect of Pipe Contents
Gases No Effect Liquids and sludge have same effect
Viscosity (fluid Fraction) depends on different fluids and temperature The viscosity of liquids decreases as the temperature increases

Liquids of Low Viscosity

Almost no effect on the torsional mode Affects the longitudinal mode test

Liquids of high viscosity (Asphalt or wax) and sludge

Heavy viscous liquid or sludge of heavy depends attenuate the signal and reduce the test range.

Insulation, Coating and Wrappings

Mineral wool insulation- no effect
Operates at 32, 64, 128, and 250kHz

Paint Improves the signal

Operates at 32, 64, 128, and 250kHz

Epoxy Coating Small effect (~ 1dB/m)

Operates at 32, 64 kHz