DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATIC FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

Why is it necessary ???

In any modern building, safety has the highest priority and therefore fire detection system is one of the basic components of the structure. Timely information of fire not only helps save lives but also makes it easier to put out fire. Most victims die from smoke inhalation and toxic fumes long before the fire reaches them. So in this project I have tried to implement an automated system to detect smoke and accordingly take necessary actions to prevent death and causalities.
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Why use a Digital System..???

Conventional smoke alarm systems with a hard wire layout and warning devices like heat detectors and smoke detectors are pretty cheap in the market, but they have many problems. 1. Low efficiency to warn as compared to digital systems
2. Hard expansion and transformation of the system 3. No record and no database to develop in the future The digital system we propose is designed and built to solve these problems. The connections between warning devices are interfaced using a microcontroller, which is programmed by a computer.
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What we Propose
The objective is to design an automated smoke sensing system that would perform the following tasks:

Sound the alarm if the level of smoke or temperature crosses a permissible value. Open the valve and let out a fire extinguishing gas. Open the doors and windows of the room in which fire has been caused. Send a message to the nearest fire station.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

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Overall Functioning
We propose to construct a fire fighting system which is controlled by an 89C51RE2 microcontroller. We have created the prototype by using two smoke detectors. The following tasks are performed even if one gets active

The alarm goes off, valve is opened, doors and windows are opened and a message is sent to the nearest fire station. A piezobuzzer has been used to act as alarm with a signal to the buzzer being generated by the microcontroller. The valve used works on the electromagnetic principle. To open the doors and windows, we have used servo motors with appropriate drivers. The message to the nearest fire station would be sent with help of GSM module.
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Technical Specifications

8051 Micro Controller AT89C51RE2 Input Devices

Smoke Sensor MQ2 (x2)

Output Devices

Piezo Buzzer (PS1420P02CT) Solenoid Valve(Normally closed) 50 volts Servo Motors (x6) GSM module

Other Devices

Analog Voltage Comparator(LM 139) (x2) Relay Driver (ULN2803) Relay Board (307V2) Motor Driver LMD 18200(x6)
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Design of Connections

6 Servo Motors with drivers to control the opening/closing of 2 Doors and 4 Windows 1 Buzzer to sound the alarm

1 Valve attached to relay board with driver, to release the gas.

2 Smoke and Temperature Sensors detect presence of smoke particles range from 300 to 10,000 ppm levels and temperature higher than 60 degrees.

Comparator used to convert the analog output of the sensors to digital such that (If Vr > Vt => 0 else 1 where Vr = Sensor output, Vt=Threshold Voltage 0.4V)
As soon as one of the inputs become inactive, we close the valves, switch off the buzzer and reverse the motor direction to close the doors and windows.
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INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS

THE MICRO-CONTROLLER

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated P) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems.

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The Smoke Sensor

Sensitive material of MQ-2 gas sensor is SnO2, which has lower conductivity in clean air.
When the target combustible gas exist, The sensors conductivity increases along with the gas concentration rising.

It is with low cost and suitable for different application.

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Servo-Motors

A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position. It consists of a motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback, through a reduction gearbox. Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, machinery or automated manufacturing.
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BUZZER (fire alarm)

A buzzer is an audio signaling device. A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit. Sounds commonly used to indicate an alarm, a ring or a beep.
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DRY POWDER FIRE EXTINGUISHER

This is a powder based agent that extinguishes any kind of fire. It prevents the chemical reactions involving heat, fuel, and oxygen and halts the combustion, thus extinguishing the fire. Composition:

1. Mono-ammonium phosphate
2. Sodium bicarbonate 3. Potassium bicarbonate

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DESIGN OF THE ROOM

CONTROL PANEL: it contains the micro controller and its ports EXTINGUISHR: dry powder extinguisher SERVO-MOTORS: used to control the opening and closing of doors

BUZZER: contains the piezo-buzzer to sound an alarm

TANK: contains the extinguishing powder
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THE SOFTWARE USED:

The Keil MDK-ARM Microcontroller Kit is a complete software development environment for the wide range of microcontroller devices. It's easy to learn and use.

8051 Development Tools

Keil C51 is the industry-standard tool chain for all 8051-compatible devices. The Vision IDE/Debugger integrates complete device simulation, interfaces to many target debug adapters, and provides various monitor debug solutions.

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A DEMONSTRATION OF THE SOFTWARE

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Conclusion

This project, when completely implemented, will be of great significance to the security of any particular institution.

A lot of features have been added to the prototype to ensure maximum safety. However, the project is completely flexible towards addition of new features.
Many kind of fire fighting systems are present in the market these days but none of them provide all the features as incorporated by us. We, to our level best, have tried to keep our project cost efficient so that even the mass production of it in future remains a possibility.

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