ECTE301

Digital Signal Processing

Why this subject -- Examples
Telephone

Phone Phone
voice
voice
voltage/current
Why this subject-- Examples
CD Music Recording and playing

Mic Quantization
Music
Sampling
Speaker D/A
CD
Decoding
Encoding
Music
Why this subject?
ECTE301 Digital signal processing will
provide you with the fundamental
knowledge about signals and systems,
and basic skills of DSP system design

Why this subject?
Signals: what, why
Digital signals: why, how
systems
Digital signal processing: what, why,
how
What are Signals
Signals are something that carry information;
Signals appear in physical forms: observable
measurable
Usually varies with time --- functions of time
Examples: voice, measurement of
metrological quantities, etc

How do Signals look like
Speech signal

How do Signals look like
noise

Signal Classification
Continuous in time, continuous in
amplitude analogy signals
Discrete in time, continuous in
amplitude discrete signals
Discrete in time, discrete in amplitude
digital signals

Why Signal Processing
Signal processing refers to the work of
manipulating signals so that information
carried can be expressed, transmitted,
restored etc in a more efficient and
reliable way
Efficiency: Lest resource usage
Reliability: Lest error
Why Signal Processing?
The purposes of SP can be:
Enhance the signals (noise reduction, interference
elimination etc)
Present signal in an efficient way (source coding)
Extract feature of signals
.
What is Signal Processing?
System
Input
Output
Why DSP?
Signals are expressed as digital numbers
Signal processing can be realized by
mathematical operations using computers
Digital signals can be the results of sampling
continuous-time signals (such as voice
signals) or discrete in nature (such as text in
emails)
What is DSP?
DSP
DSP chips or
General purpose
computer
Input
Output
Input and output are discrete sequences.
Systems
Something that can manipulate,
change,record, or transmit signals.
We will try to describe the system by
mathematical tools
We will also try to describe the tasks of
DSP by mathematical operations
What DSP
Signal analysis: spectral analysis, discrete
orthogonal transforms etc
Behavior of DSP systems: system impulse
response, system functions, and input-output
relationship;
What are covered in the
subject?
General concepts
The simplest signals sinusoidal signals
Spectrum representation of signals
Sampling of analog signals
Filtering of digital signals FIR filters
Analysis of FIR filters
Z-Transform
IIR filters
Spectral analysis of signals
Digital Signal Processing
Week 1
Sinusoidal Signals
Sinusoidal Signals
The reasons for looking at sinusoidal signals
are:
The most widely used;
The simplest signal that could be used to carry
information;
Other signals can be expressed by combinations
of sinusoidal signals
Outline
What are sinusoidal signals
Description of sinusoidal signals
Amplitude, Frequency and phase
Direct expression
Complex exponential signals complex
sinusoidal signals
Phasor operations
Relationship between real sinusoids
and complex exponentials
Sinusoidal signals
where

Sinusoidal signals
) 2 cos( ) cos( ) (
0 0
| t | e + = + = t f A t A t x
A -- Amplitude
-- radian frequency
-- cyclic frequency
-- initial phase
-- instantaneous phase
0
e
0
f
|
| e + t
0
Sinusoidal signals
Period vs frequency
) cos( ) (
0
| e + = t A t x
) (
) cos(
) ) ( cos( ) (
0 0 0
0 0 0
t x
T t A
T t A T t x
=
+ + =
+ + = +
| e e
| e
t e k T 2
0 0
=
0
0
2
e
t k
T =
0
0
2
e
t
= T
The smallest
Phase shift vs Time shift
) cos(
) ) ( cos( ) (
0 0
0
| t e e
| t e t
+ =
+ =
t A
t A t x
t
t e
0

The time shift

The phase shift
Exercise 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5
Complex Exponential Signals
A complex exponential signal
) sin( ) cos(
) (
0 0
) (
0
| e | e
| e
+ + + =
=
+
t jA t A
Ae t x
t j
Sinusoidal in nature
Two components with 90 degrees of
phase difference
Complex Exponential Signals Complex
Numbers
Complex exponential signals can be
manipulated by the operations of
complex numbers
Use polar form of expressions phasors
Multiplications of two complex numbers
Additions of two complex numbers

Complex Exponential Signals Complex
Numbers
Product of two complex numbers Phasor
rotation
) (
2 1 2 1 3
2 2 1 1
2 1
2 1
,
u u
u u
+
= =
= =
i
j j
e r r z z z
e r z e r z
Complex Exponential Signals Complex
Numbers
Addition of two complex numbers
phasor addition
) sin sin ( cos cos
,
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 3
2 2 1 1
2 1
u u u u
u u
r r j r r
z z z
e r z e r z
j j
+ + + =
+ =
= =
Complex Exponential Signals Complex
Numbers
Addition of complex exponentials of
same frequency is still an complex
exponentials with the same frequency
( )
) (
1
1 1
) (
0 0 0
0 0
) (
| e e | e |
e | | e
+
=
= =
+
= = |
.
|

\
|
=
= =

t j t j j t j
N
k
j
k
N
k
t j j
k
N
k
t j
k
Ae e Ae e e A
e e A e A t x
k
k k
Relationship between real sinusoids and
complex exponentials
A real sinusoid can be considered as the real
part of a complex exponential
| | | |
t j j t j
e Ae Ae t A
0 0
Re Re ) cos(
) (
0
e | | e
| e = = +
+
is called the phasor of the sinusoid, which
contains the amplitude and initial phase of the
signal
| j
Ae
Relationship between real sinusoids and
complex exponentials
Also a real sinusoid can also be considered as
the sum of two complex exponentials
Inverse Euler Formula
2
) cos(
) ( ) (
0
0 0
| e | e
| e
+ +
+
= +
t j t j
e e
A t A
j
e e
A t A
t j t j
2
) sin(
) ( ) (
0
0 0
| e | e
| e
+ +

= +
Addition of real sinusoids
Combination of sinusoids with the same
frequency is still a sinusoid with the same
frequency

=
+ =
N
k
k k
t A t x
1
0
) cos( ) ( | e
Addition of real sinusoids
Direct computation
( )
) cos(
sin cos
sin sin cos cos
sin sin cos cos
) cos( ) (
0
0 0
0
1
0
1
1
0 0
1
0
| e
e e
e | e |
e | e |
| e
+ =
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
+ =

= =
=
=
t A
t D t C
t A t A
t t A
t A t x
N
k
k k
N
k
k k
N
k
k k k
N
k
k k
2 2
D C A + =
C
D
1
tan

= |
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
=
N
k
k k
N
k
k k
A D
A C
1
1
sin
cos
|
|
Addition of real sinusoids phasor
addition
Direct computation is very complex
| |
| |
) cos(
Re
Re
Re Re
) cos( ) (
0
1
1 1
) (
1
0
0
0
0 0
| e
| e
e |
e |
e | | e
+ =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
(

= =
+ =

=
= =
+
=
t A
e Ae
e e A
e e A e A
t A t x
t j j
t j
N
k
j
k
N
k
t j j
k
N
k
t j
k
N
k
k k
k
k k

=
=
N
k
j
k
j
k
e A Ae
1
| |
Addition of phasors
Addition of real sinusoids phasor
addition
Phasor addition rule
Obtain the phasor representation of each of
the individual signals
Add the phasors together, convert the result
into polar form
Multiply by to get
Exercise 2.9


| j
Ae
) (
0
| e + t j
Ae
t j
e
0
e
Product of real sinusoids
Multiplication of sinusoids results in sinusoids
with difference frequencies: Principle of
modulation
| | )) ( ) cos(( )) ( ) cos((
2
1
) cos( ) cos( ) ( ) (
) cos( ) (
) cos( ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
| | e e | | e e
| e | e
| e
| e
+ + + + =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
t t A A
t t A A t x t x
t A t x
t A t x
Spectrum Representation
Spectrum is a graphical representation of the
frequency content of a signal.



Spectrum Representation
Signals



Spectrum Representation
Spectrum of a sinusoid
Spectrum of a sum of sinusoids
Spectrum of a multiplication of sinusoids
Beat notes
Amplitude modulation



Spectrum of a sinusoid
We use the frequencies and complex
magnitudes of complex exponentials to denote
the spectrum of a signal, that is, for


t j t j
e A Ae t x
0 0
) (
) (
e | e
= =
+
We have
e
0
e
| j
Ae A =
Spectrum of a sinusoid
Hence for a real sinusoid, the spectrum should
be


( )
t j t j
t j t j
e A e A
e e
A
t A t x
0 0
0 0
*
) ( ) (
0
2
) cos( ) (
e e
| e | e
| e

+ +
+ =
+ = + =
e
0
e
| j
e
A
2
0
e
| j
e
A

2
Spectrum of a sum of sinusoids


| |

=
+ +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
+ =
N
k
t j
j
k
t j
j
k
N
k
t j t j
k
N
k
k k k
k
k
k
k
k k k k
e
e A
e
e A
e e
A
t A t x
1
1
) ( ) (
1
2 2
2
) cos( ) (
e
|
e
|
| e | e
| e
Spectrum of a sum of sinusoids


e
1
e
1
2
1
| j
e
A
1
e
2
e
2
2
2
| j
e
A
2
e
2
2
2
| j
e
A

1
2
1
| j
e
A



Spectrum of Product of sinusoids
| | | | { } ) ( ) ( cos ) ( ) ( cos
2
1
) cos( ) cos( ) ( ) (
) cos( ) (
) cos( ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
| | e e | | e e
| e | e
| e
| e
+ + + + + + =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
t t A A
t t A A t x t x
t A t x
t A t x
Spectrum of Product of sinusoids


( )
( )
| | | |
(
| | | |
)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
) ( ) (
2
2 2 2 2
) ( ) (
1
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
4
) ( ) (
2
) cos( ) (
2
) cos( ) (
| | e e | | e e
| | e e | | e e
| e | e
| e | e
| e
| e
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ +

+ + =
=
+ = + =
+ = + =
t j t j
t j t j
t j t j
t j t j
e e
e e
A A
t x t x
e e
A
t A t x
e e
A
t A t x
Spectrum of product of sinusoids


e
2 1
e e


2 1
e e +
) (
2 1
e e
) (
2 1
e e +
) (
2 1
2 1
4
| | + j
e
A A
) (
2 1
2 1
4
| | + j
e
A A
) (
2 1
2 1
4
| | j
e
A A
) (
2 1
2 1
4
| | j
e
A A
2 1
e e >
Examples
s c
c s
f f
t f t f A t x
>>
= ), 2 cos( ) 2 cos( ) ( t t
Beat notes
Amplitude modulation
Examples Beat Note
Examples Beat note
Examples AM signals
Examples AM signal
Tutorial Questions
Problems:
2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.10, 2.16, 2.18, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5