Circulatory System

Brought to you by arteries Taken away by veins

Etymology It came from the French word, circulatoire or directly from the Latin word, Systema circulatoris which obviously means circulate. First use: 1862

Definition The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body. Formally defined as the system of blood, blood vessels, lymphatics and heart concerned with the circulation of the blood and lymph.(Merriam-Webster, 1862)

Function Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones and antibodies. Maintain internal environment (homeostasis) in conjunction with the kidneys. Responds quickly to the changes in the body depending on the needs of the moment.

Portal SYSTEM
Renal system, Hepatic System and Hypophyseal System

Renal Portal System The Renal Portal System is the system of blood vessels that which lies in the region of the kidneys.

In the fishes and amphibians, there is another well developed portal system called renal portal system in which portal vein opens in kidneys which act as intermediate organs. Kidney tubules extract waste and excess of salts from blood to prevent inflow of water by lowering osmotic concentration of blood. It is present in reptiles, vestigial in birds and absent in mammals. This is due to transition from aquatic to terrestrial mode of life and gradual evolution of four chambered heart with complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Mechanism:

Hepatic Portal System The hepatic portal system is one of many primary components of the circulatory system that can be found in the abdominal cavity.

Mechanism: The hepatic portal vein is one of the largest veins in the area and it carries blood to liver from the spleen and the gastrointestinal tract. The hepatic vein begins where the splenic veins and the superior mesenteric meet. The hepatic vein also drains blood coming from the cystic veins as well as the inferior mesenteric gastric veins.

Hypophyseal Portal System The hypophyseal portal system is the system of blood vessels that link the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary in the brain.

Mechanism: Cells regulated by different nuclei in hypothalamus, i.e., neurons that release neurotransmitters as hormones in the connective link between the pituitary and the brain. Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of the respective hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. Ligands (in this case, hormones released by the hypothalamus to activate hormone release from the anterior pituitary) are picked up by blood vessels then taken to anterior pituitary where they are broken down and released back into blood vessels Before they are broken down, hypothalamoportal vessel acts as local route for blood flow directly from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary.

Types of Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation, Systemic Circulation and Coronary Circulation

Pulmonary Circulation The pulmonary circulatory system is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and returns the oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

Systemic Circulatuion Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. Systemic circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body.

Coronary Circulation

The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the heart. As it provides oxygenated blood to the heart, it is by definition a part of the systemic circulatory system.

Blood

whats in
digested food red blood cells white blood cells

oxygen

waste (urea)

carbon dioxide plasma

platelets

hormones

Functions of Blood

fluid of life fluid of growth fluid of health

The Blood

red blood cell

white blood cell

platelets

plasma

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)

a biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus contain haemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it.

can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries.

Hemoglobin is the most important component of red blood cells. It is composed of a protein called heme, which binds oxygen. In the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.

White Blood Cells

there are many different types and all contain a big nucleus.

the two main ones are the lymphocytes and the macrophages.

macrophages eat and digest microorganisms .

some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them. other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.

The lymphocytes produce anti-bodies and the phagocytes 'eat' the broken up bacteria cells.

Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells. Platelets are irregularlyshaped, colorless bodies that are present in blood.

Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.

Plasma
It also contains useful things like; carbon dioxide

A strawcoloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.

glucose amino acids proteins minerals vitamins hormones waste materials like urea.

Comparison of Red Blood Cells

Human

Frog

Fish
http://biology.touchspin.com/Linked_Set_Blood_Cells_Comparison.php

Compared to the frog and fish red blood cells, the human red blood cells are smaller. The frog's cells are the largest, and human cells, the smallest.

Fish red blood cells are similar in appearanceto frog red blood cells. Also, unlike a human's, fish have small black dots at the middle of each cell. The size is similar to other cells.

Amphibian blood contains nucleated erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. Amphibian erythrocytes are biconvex, oval, and the largest of all vertebrate erythrocytes.

In contrast to the human's spherical red blood cells, the fish's red blood cells are elliptical.
http://www.lar.iastate.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=198&Itemid=219
http://biology.touchspin.com/Linked_Set_Blood_Cells_Comparison.php

Comparison of white blood cells

White blood cells are less abundant (20,000 to 150,000 per mm3) than RBCs in fish blood and function in a variety of ways in ridding the body of foreign material (including invading pathogens),along with providing a mechanism for blood clotting. Fish leucocytes, or white blood cells, fall into four main categories; granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes.

http://www.petcaregt.com/blog/fish-white-blood-cells.html

Bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana)

Amphibians leukocytes or wbc: lymphocyte, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes.

http://wildlifehematology.uga.edu/Learning/index.htm

Lizard and Snake

Reptiles white blood cells include thrombocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, azurophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.

Heterophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Eosinophil Azurophil

Basophil
http://en.wikivet.net/Lizard_and_Snake_Blood_Cell_Identification

Charlie the cockatiel Avian lympocyte, eosinophil, monocyte. Leukocytes: heterophil, basophil and

http://wildlifehematology.uga.edu/Learning/index.htm

Lymphocytes

The five major categories of leukocytes in mammals are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
Neutrophils

Monocytes Eosinophils

Basophils

http://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/heme1/leukocyt.htm

HEART

HEART
Center of cardiovascular system About the size of your closed fist, roughly cone shaped job is to pump blood around the body located in between the two lungs lies left of the middle of the chest 5 inches long, and weighs less than one pound

HEART
Pump approximately 5 6 liters of blood/minute / 9 400 liters/day Beats over 100,00 times each day / about 2 billion beats in a lifetime Normal heartbeat = 70 beats/minute

Myocardium composed of cardiac muscle tissue Endocardium thin layer that lines the cavities if heart Pericardium fibrous sac that holds the heart in the center of the chest

HEART
Heart Rates Comparison (beats/minute)
Organism
Human Cat Cow Dog Guinea Pig Hamster Horse Rabbit Rat

Average Rate
70 120 65 115 280 450 44 205 328

Normal Range
58 - 104 110 - 140 60 - 70 100 - 130 260 - 400 300 - 600 23 - 70 123 - 304 261 - 600

HEART
CHAMBERS
4 chambers (left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle) The heart functions a s two separate pumps Ventricle - main pumps of the heart Atrium (plural atria) - receiving chamber for the blood returning to the heart Septum separate the two pumps

HEART
VALVE situated between the atria and ventricles, and also between the ventricles and major arteries act as a barrier to prevent the backflow of blood lub-dub, lub-dub heart murmur Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, bicuspid valve/mitral valve, aortic valve

HEART
Atrioventricular Valves A. Tricuspid valve
Between the atrium and ventricle on the right side Three leaves or cusps

B. Bicuspid/mitral valve
Between left atrium and left ventricle Two leaves or cusps

Semilunar Valves A. Pulmonary valve

Between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries Three leaves or cusps

B. Aortic valve
Between left ventricle and aorta

HEART

A. pigs aortic semilunar valve

B. ball-and-cage model

Defective heart valves can be replaced by artificial valves made either from animal tissue or from synthetic material.

HEART

ADD -ONS Chordae tendinae -

A- chordae tendinae B papillary muscles C mitral valve

HEART
ELECTRICAL NODES
Sinoatrial (SA) node Located on the right atrium near the junction of the Superior vena cava Pacemaker Atrioventricular (AV) node - relays the impulse of the SA node to the ventricles - delays the impulse to prevent the ventricles from contracting at the same time as the atria

HEART
Does the heart rest? Your heart does. 'in-between beats' rest

The heart takes rest in between heartbeats.

contracting 33% relaxing 67%

HEART
CARDIAC CYCLE Sequence of events in a single heartbeat Involves systole and diastole During the diastole phase, the atria and ventricles are relaxed. Blood flows into the right and left atria. The valves located between the atria and ventricles are open, allowing blood to flow through to the ventricles. During the systole phase, the ventricles contract pumping blood into the arteries. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta.

HEART
Blood pressure
Force blood exerts against blood vessel walls
Systolic(mm Hg) Diastolic(mm Hg) Classification

<130
130-139 140-159 160-179

<85
85-89 90-99 100-109

Normal
High Normal Hypertension (stage 1) Moderate Hypertension (stage 2) Severe Hypertension (stage 3)

>180

>110

British Hypertension Society classification of blood pressure levels. (Note: "mm Hg" means millimeters of mercury)

HEART
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Recording of the electrical activities of the heart

HEART

HEART
FISH
a two-chambered organ composed of one atrium and one ventricle. blood travels from the heart to the gills, and then directly to the body before returning to the atrium through the sinus venosus to be circulated again. 60-240 beats per minute no division of the circulation between the gills and the body - absence of aorta

HEART
AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILES
have a three-chambered heart ( two atria and one ventricle) crocodile is sometimes said to have a four-chambered heart separation of the ventricles is not complete Both atria empty into the single ventricle, mixing the oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs with the oxygen-depleted blood from the body tissues Absence of aorta The heart rate of amphibians and reptiles is very dependent upon temperature
Temperature (Celsius) 10 C Average Rate (beats/minute) 1-8

18 C 28 C
>40 C

15 - 20 24 - 40
Irreversible cardiac damage

HEART
BIRDS AND MAMMALS have four chambers two atria and two ventricles deoxygenated and oxygenated bloods are not mixed ensures that the tissues of the body are supplied with oxygen-saturated blood to facilitate sustained muscle movement

Blood Vessels

3 types of blood vessels:

Arteries
Capillaries Veins

The ARTERY

the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure

thick muscle and elastic fibres

the thick muscle can contract to push the blood along.

Types of arteries

Pulmonary arteries Systemic arteries Aorta Arterioles

The VEIN

veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction. thin muscle and elastic fibres

body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

Classification

Superficial veins Deep veins Communicating veins Pulmonary veins Systemic veins

The CAPILLARY
A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed. artery vein

body cell

capillaries

Types of Capillaries

Continuous
Fenestrated Sinusoidal

Fish

Fish Has 4 complete aortic arches Anterior cardinal is the chief vein Posterior cardinal collects only from tail

Amphibian

Amphibian

Only the third, fourth, and sixth aortic arches are present The anterior cardinal is the chief head vein The posterior cardinal vein decreased in importance because of postcaval vein Posterior cardinals collect from both tail and posterior appendages Ventral abdominal vein passes into the hepatic portal system Pulmonary veins are new formations

Reptiles

Turtle Only one pair of arches remain Conus arteriosus and ventral aorta are split into three trunks Posterior cardinals collect from both tail and hindlimbs The anterior parts of posterior cardinals, have disappeared Postcaval vein is the chief vein

Aves

Aves Conus arterius split into two trunks Sinus venosus is apparently absent but in reality is reduced and incorporated into the auricle Origin of postcaval vein is the same as that given for reptiles The renal portal system is identical with the reptile

Mammals

Mammals

Sinus venosus is reduced Conus arteriosus is subdivided into two trunk The first and second aortic arches disappear There are two precaval vein Postcaval vein has taken over the entire renal portal system